Math Studies Sl Internal Assessment - 2310 Words

Dependency of a Boxer’s Win rate on Reach and Gender Antonio Paolo Gomez Candidate No. 003902-006 Northbridge International School Cambodia Math Studies Internal Assessment Word Count: 1655 Statement of Task 3 Plan 3 Data 4 Math Processes 5 Simple math processes: 5 Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient r: 7 Chi-Square 8 Discussion/Validity 10 Conclusion 10 Works Cited 11 Statement of Task Boxing is a very well known sport around the world, where two disciplined athletes face off in a ring, trading blows until one of them submits or until judges decide a winner. The sport revolves around throwing blows with their fists, and to organize said athletes, their characteristics are measured, and their accomplishments are recorded. Before†¦show more content†¦We can see a bigger difference between the reach of the two genders but this would most likely be because men tend to grow and develop their bodies naturally larger than women. Standard Deviation: Reach: Males: Sx=170-185.872+173-185.872+183-185.872+194-185.872†¦180-185.87215 Sx=10.626 Females: Sx=165-1662+161-1662+167-1662+166-1662+162-1662†¦169-166215 Sx=4.163 Both Genders: Sx=170-175.932+173-175.932+183-175.932+194-175.932†¦169-175.93230 Sx=12.798 We are able to see that the standard deviation is greater for the male boxers female boxers. We can assume that the pieces of data from the men are spread farther from the mean as compared to the data from the women. This means that in regards to the data collected, female boxers seem to be closer in their measured reach as compared to the males. The standard deviation for both groups surpasses the calculated standard deviation for the separate male and female groups, meaning that as a whole range of data, the reachesShow MoreRelatedIb Math Sl Type Ii Ia1192 Words   |  5 PagesLacsap’s Fractions IB Math SL Internal Assessment Paper 1 Lacsap’s Fractions Lacsap is Pascal spelled backward. Therefore, Pascal’s Triangle can be used practically especially with this diagram. (Diagram 1) This diagram is of Pascal’s Triangle and shows the relationship of the row number, n, and the diagonal columns, r. This is evident in Lacsap’s Fractions as well, and can be used to help understand some of the following questions. Solutions Describe how to findRead MoreMath Ia2156 Words   |  9 Pages IB Math Studies Internal Assessment: What is the Relationship between SAT Scores and Family Income of the Test Takers around the World? Exam Session: May 2011 School name: International School Bangkok Teacher: Mr. Demille Date: December 8th, 2010 Course: IB Math Studies Word Count: 1,832 Name: Billy Egnehall What is the Relationship between SAT Scores and Family Income of the Test Takers around the World? Introduction The SAT examination is mostly in today’s world of academics, a requirementRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pageslearned [8.3.3.4] 9.4.2.2 Individual performance appraisals Chapter 7 Managing Risk Chapter 15 Chapter 16 International Projects Oversight 11.1 Risk management process [F.8] 11.2 Identifying risks 11.3.2.2 Impact matrix 11.4 Risk assessment 11.5 Risk responses (.2–.1.2) 11.6 Risk register 7.1.2.5 PERT analysis 7.1.2.6.3 Contingency reserves 7.3.3.4 Change control management G.7 Culture awareness 1.4.4 Project offices 8.1.2 Continuous improvement 5.1 Requirements vs. actual [5.3] Read MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesabout what accounting should be. In response, users of accounting information, management accounting professionals, and system designers may seek to alter the information provided within their organizations to align with such ideals. In this sense, internal accounting changes may be driven by demand-level needs as well as supply-side inXuences. Moreover, forces reXecting broader changes both in structures and processes in businesses, organizations, and society and in contemporary ideas and discourses

Classical Greek Conceptions Of Knowledge Essay - 1044 Words

Classical Greek Conceptions of Knowledge All philosophically related through one another, these three philosophers share similar views on human knowledge. Socrates established the Socratic Method of Examination as a way of teaching the ignorant. In the Analogy of the Sun and the Good, Plato uses Socrates’ perspective on knowledge to discuss the intelligible and sensible worlds to relay an underlying message about knowledge and its universal importance. Continuing to follow this Socratic philosophy, Plato introduces his Allegory of the Cave to depict the problem of ignorance using the metaphorical darkness of the cave and the symbolic chains preventing humanity from attaining uncorrupted knowledge. Aristotle forges his own path as he describes the five intellectual virtues and four causes that provide a gateway to untapped knowledge. Through their own examples and theories, the three philosophers outline the necessary means to attaining knowledge and ridding one’s s elf of common ignorance. Plato uses analogies and metaphors to convey his theory on knowledge and eradicating ignorance. In his Analogy of the Sun and the Good, he uses Socrates and his theories to introduce the Sun as a metaphor for the author of all visibility, growth and generation and the Good as the intelligibility of all being, but it itself is beyond being. The Good is the author of all knowing and promotes the necessity of truth in knowledge. Through the Good, Socrates makes apparent that evilShow MoreRelatedAttributes Of God Within Classical Christian Theism978 Words   |  4 PagesAttributes of God in Classical Christian Theism We continue our study of the history of God by looking at His attributes from a number of different viewpoints. We will first examine the view of Classical Theism, then the view of Freewill Theism, and finally that of Open Theism. We begin by defining Classical Theism, also called traditional theism or Augustinian theism. In a section entitled, â€Å"The Classical Christian Concept of God,† Francis Beckwith gives a short definition of Classical Theism in See theRead MorePlato s Allegory Of The Cave Essay1630 Words   |  7 Pagesanother Greek, Glaucon, the image of a cave in which inhabitants are shackled, forced to view nothing but a wall and shadows upon it projected from other light sources. A caveat exists in the prisoners inability to even turn their heads to become aware of sources of light, let alone the real objects for which they have confused shadows their entire lives. Truth becomes a value in the work through the light metaphor. Socrates first details a fire. This moment and its situation within Greek lore becomeRead MoreBiography of Socrates, An Annotated Bibliography1581 Words   |  6 Pagesinterpretation of human wisdom can be given in terms of â€Å"philosophia†.He confirms his analysis by its resolution of some enduring difficulties in the interpretation of Apology and also by providing the answer as to why Socrates continued to search for knowledge which he thought was impossible to attain. He tries to explain the concept of human wisdom with the help of Socrates sayings. Overall, Dylan provides a clear analysis with the proper tone and style. Kenneth C. Blanchard, Jr. â€Å"The Enemies of Socrates:Read MoreThe Utility Of Myth : Plato s Metaphysics1624 Words   |  7 Pagesscratch at the surface of our faculties. To do this, Plato believes we must let our ability to reason override our baser, desires, so as to reach our maximum potential to the benefit of ourselves and the those who come after. 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It was the birthplace of many important thinkers, artists, architects, and political figures who led the Renaissance. Along with the birth of the philosophy of humanism, the rebirth of ancient Greek and Roman cultures were driven by a revived interest in ancientRead MoreBlending of Renaissance and Reformation in Paradise Lost2288 Words   |  10 Pageshe advances his writing in a classical manner. The theme of Paradise Lost is Biblical as it shows the wrongdoing of Adam and Eve by the influence of Satan and the justice of God for sinners. Milton writes Paradise Lost in such a style which holds classical flavor. So, Milton shows Biblical theme in classical mood. We can also say that Milton’s mind is shaped and moulded by the influence of the Renaissance and the Reformation. On the one ha nd, he drank deep of classical poetry and philosophy and isRead MoreThe Quest: An Archetype in Various Cultural Myths Essay2253 Words   |  10 Pageskeeps repeating—the image of the quest. This archetype functions with various different mythologies as a method of learning about the world, both its external features and what is inside the self. The quest comes from ancient origins and is found in Classical Western culture, but has been fine tuned through the generations. In its most modern interpretations, there are continuing elements of the age old myth, where extenuating circumstances or hubris, place the hero in turmoil and needing to find an answerRead More Differentiating the Renaissance Period and Middle Ages Era in Europe1013 Words   |  5 Pagesprosperity. The decision was made depending on the difference of two eras. Unlike the Renaissance, the Middle Ages were a thousand years of ignorance and superstition. The Renaissance men were leaders in an era of rebirth and learning looked to the Ancient Greeks and Romans for models of advance. Many historians felt that the Middle Ages and the Renaissance were one era. The debate centers around whether the Renaissance was a unique age or a continuation of the Middle Ages. â€Å"Was the Renaissance a period

Specialty Hospitals free essay sample

Specialty Hospitals: A Problem or a Symptom? Specialty hospitals are not a new thing. However, as the number of specialty hospitals increases there is a question about their financial influence on the community hospitals. This paper discusses the results of two congressionally mandated reports on specialty hospitals. Main Concerns about Specialty Hospitals: 1. Clinical decisions made by physician-owners might be distorted by financial incentives 2. Specialty hospitals treat less complex, more profitable cases 3. Specialty hospitals do not treat uninsured or underinsured patients 4. Patient selection by specialty hospitals hurts community hospitals Congressionally Mandated Reports: The MedPAC report: Some of the positive findings according to MedPAC analysis on specialty hospitals are: better control over hospital operations, more organized schedule time in the operating room, operation’s room effectiveness, and more successful cooperation with the staff. In addition, MedPAC could not prove that the difference in financial performance affects efficiency at specialty hospitals. One of the main concerns that MedPAC had found was that if the number of the specialty hospitals increases significantly community hospitals could lose a lot of their patients. We will write a custom essay sample on Specialty Hospitals or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The other problem that MedPAC reported was that specialty hospitals are more likely to treat more- profitable patients. In order to improve payment accuracy, MedPAC recommended to refine of DRG’s and to revise the way the DRG relative weights are calculated. MedPAC also recommended to extend the moratorium until 1 January 2007 and to give HHS right to permit gain-sharing arrangements between physicians and hospitals in order to protect the quality of care and decrease the financial misunderstanding. The HHS report: Results of the report showed that community hospitals had more complicated cardiac patients than in cardiac specialty hospitals. However, cardiac hospitals had as good or even better care than care at their competitor hospitals, patient satisfaction was very high, rooms were larger and more quit, food was better, and specialty hospitals had sleeping rooms for the family members. The total proportion of net income devoted to uncompensated care and taxes combines exceeded the community hospitals’ net revenue for uncompensated care. HHS recommendations were the same as MedPAC recommendations. Conclusion: The disagreement over specialty hospitals even more points out that the payment system and the health care financing system need significant improvement. One of the things that could be done is to reconsider the position and potential status of facilities that apply to be treated. Also, the various payment systems could provide consistent payments for similar services across settings which would reduce the role of financial incentives. All these proposals have been discussed earlier, however, they all have been hard to build up and apply. Questions to class discussion: 1.

Psychoanalysis in Past and Recent Year Use by Counselor Essay Sample free essay sample

Psychoanalysis in yesteryear and recent old ages use by counsellor and therapist The International Psychoanalytical Association ( IPA ) is the world’s primary accrediting and regulative organic structure for depth psychology. Well. their mission is to guarantee the continued energy and development of depth psychology for the benefit of psychoanalytic patients. It works in partnership with its 70 constitutional organisations in 33 states to back up 11. 500 members. In the US. there are 77 psychoanalytical organisations. institutes associations in the United States. which are spread across the provinces of America. The American Psychoanalytic Association ( APSaA ) has 38 attached societies. which have ten or more active members who pattern in a given geographical country. The purposes of the APSaA and other psychoanalytical organisations are: Provide ongoing educational chances for its members. excite the development and research of depth psychology. supply preparation and form conferences. There are eight affiliated survey groups in the USA ( two of them are in Latin America ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Psychoanalysis in Past and Recent Year Use by Counselor Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A survey group is the first degree of integrating of a psychoanalytical organic structure within the International Psychoanalytic Association ( IPA ) . followed by a probationary society and eventually a member society. The Division of Psychoanalysis of the American Psychological Association ( APA ) was established in the early 1980s by several psychologists. Until the constitution of the Division of Psychoanalysis. psychologists who had trained in independent institutes had no national organisation. The Division of Psychoanalysis now has about 4. 000 members and about 30 local chapters in the United States. The Division of Psychoanalysis holds two one-year meetings/conferences and offers go oning instruction in theory. research and clinical technique. as do their attached local chapters. The European Psychoanalytical Federation ( EPF ) is the scientific organisation that consolidates all European psychoanalytic societies. This organisation is affiliated with the IPA. In 2002 there w ere about 3900 single members in 22 states. talking 18 different linguistic communications. There are besides 25 psychoanalytic societies. Psychoanalysis has been used as a research tool into childhood development ( californium. the diary The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child ) . and has developed into a flexible. effectual intervention for certain mental perturbations. In the sixtiess. Freud’s early ( 1905 ) ideas on the childhood development of female gender were challenged ; this challenge led to major research in the 1970s and 80s. and so to a reformulation of female sexual development that corrected some of Freud’s constructs. Besides see the assorted plants of Eleanor Galenson. Nancy Chodorow. Karen Horney. Francoise Dolto. Melanie Klein. Selma Fraiberg. and others. Most late. psychoanalytic research workers who have integrated attachment theory into their work. including Alicia Lieberman. Susan Coates. and Daniel Schechter have explored the function of parental traumatization in the development of immature children’s mental representations of ego and others. Several meta-analyses have shown d epth psychology therapy to be effectual. with results comparable or greater than other sorts of psychotherapeutics or antidepressant drugs. Empirical research has shown besides that â€Å"proper† . long-run depth psychology. when patient lies on a manager and meets with analyst at least three times a hebdomad. is besides effectual. A 2005 reappraisal of randomized controlled tests found that â€Å"psychoanalytic therapy is more effectual than no intervention or intervention as usual. and more effectual than shorter signifiers of psychodynamic therapy† . Empirical research on the efficaciousness of depth psychology and psychoanalytic psychotherapeutics has besides become outstanding among psychoanalytic research workers. Research on psychodynamic intervention of some populations shows assorted consequences. Research by analysts such as Bertram Karon and co-workers at Michigan State University had suggested that when trained decently. psychodynamic healers can be effectual with schizophrenic patients. More recent research casts uncertainty on these claims. The Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team ( PORT ) study argues in its Recommendation 22 against the usage of psychodynamic therapy in instances of schizophrenic disorder. observing that more tests are necessary to verify its effectivity. However. the PORT recommendation is based on the sentiments of clinicians instead than on empirical informations. and empirical informations exist that contradict this recommendation. A reappraisal of current medical literature in The Cochrane Library of which is available online ) reached the decision that no informations exist that demonstrates that psychodynamic psychotherapeutics is effectual in handling schizophrenic disorder. Dr. Hyman Spotnitz and the practicians of his theory known as Modern Psychoanalysis. a specific sub-specialty. s till study ( 2007 ) much success in utilizing their enhanced version of psychoanalytic technique in the intervention of schizophrenic disorder. Further information besides suggest that depth psychology is non effectual ( and perchance even damaging ) in the intervention of sex wrongdoers. Experiences of psychoanalysts clinical psychologists and research into baby and kid development have led to new penetrations. Theories have been farther developed and the consequences of empirical research are now more incorporate in the psychoanalytic theory. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. replies. com/topic/psychoanalysishypertext transfer protocol: //www. ukessays. com/essays/psychology/psychoanalysis. php Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis is a group of psychological theories and methods based on the pioneering work of Sigmund Freud. Understanding PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysis seeks to detect connexions among the unconscious constituents of patients’ mental procedures. The analyst’s end is to assist emancipate the patient from unexamined or unconscious barriers of transference and opposition. that is. past forms of associating that are no longer serviceable or that inhibit freedom. Information and background Psychoanalysis was developed in the 1890s by Sigmund Freud as a intervention for patients with neurotic or hysterical symptoms. As a consequence of speaking with these patients. Freud came to believe that their jobs stemmed from culturally unacceptable. therefore repressed and unconscious. desires and phantasies of a sexual nature. Freud’s patients would lie on this couch during depth psychology. The basic method of depth psychology is the transference and opposition analysis of free association. The patient is directed to state whatever comes to mind. Dreams. hopes. wants. and phantasies are of involvement. as are remembrances of early household life. By and large the healer merely listens. doing remarks merely when an chance for penetration on the portion of the patient arises. In listening. the analyst efforts to keep an attitude of empathetic neutrality. a nonjudgmental stance designed to make a safe environment. Many clinicians hold that depth psychology is non recommended in instances of serious psychological break. such as psychosis. self-destructive depression. or terrible untreated alcohol addiction. Such patients may be labeled â€Å"un-analyzable† . More typical applications include intervention of clinicaldepression and personality upsets. Some more recent signifiers of depth psychology seek to assist patients derive self-esteem through greater trust of the ego. overcome the fright of decease and its effects on current behaviour. and keep several relationships that appear to be incompatible. Psychoanalysis is believed to be most utile in covering with deep-rooted jobs of familiarity and relationship and for those jobs in which established forms of life are debatable. As a curative intervention. depth psychology by and large takes three to five meetings a hebdomad and requires the sum of clip for natural or normal maturational alteration ( three to seven old ages ) . Length of i ntervention varies but depth psychology by and large lasts an norm of 5-6 old ages or longer. Training Throughout the history of depth psychology. most psychoanalytic organisations have existed outside of the university scenes. Psychoanalytical preparation normally occurs at a psychoanalytic institute and may last about 4-10 old ages. Training includes coursework. supervised psychoanalytic intervention of patients. and personal depth psychology enduring 4 or more old ages. Although the popularity of depth psychology was in diminution during the 1980’s and early 1990’s. outstanding psychoanalytic institutes have experienced an addition in the figure of appliers in recent old ages. The theories distinctive of depth psychology by and large include the undermentioned hypotheses: Human development is best understood in footings of altering objects of sexual desire. The psychic setup habitually represses wants. normally of a sexual or aggressive nature. whereby they become preserved in one or more unconscious systems of thoughts. Unconscious struggles over pent-up wants have a inclination to attest themselves in dreams. slips ( â€Å"Freudian slips† ) . and symptoms. Unconscious struggles are the beginning of neuroticisms. Neurosiss can be treated through conveying the unconscious wants and pent-up memories to consciousness in psychoanalytic intervention. For Freud. the unconscious was a depositary for socially unacceptable thoughts. wants or desires. traumatic memories. and painful emotions put out of head by the mechanism of psychological repression. However. the contents did non needfully hold to be entirely negative. In the psychoanalytic position. the unconscious is a force that can merely be recognized by its effects—it expresses itself in the symptom.

Free Essays on The Libertarian Party

The Libertarian Party is the best party for the United States of America. I chose this party because not only do they realize that long overdue changes need to be made to the government, they come prepared with logical solutions; logical solutions made after simple observations. For example, one big change the Libertarians feel is necessary is the ending of the prohibition of drugs. They came to this conclusion after a simple observation of when the US tried to make alcohol illegal in the 1920’s. The result was organized crime. Criminals had found an easy way to make money. But the money they made from liquor simply funded their need of guns and explosives to then rob banks and houses. The same problem exists today with marijuana, the most widespread drug. It simply pays for the cost of guns to commit more harmful crimes such as murder or grand larceny. Not only that, but the criminals can now afford to produce more dangerous drugs such as cocaine or heroine. Another good solution they have proposed is to end foreign aid. Recently there has been a lot of talk about leaving a huge deficit for the future generations. A large part of this deficit comes from the $14 billion the US spends on foreign aid every year, amounting in $400 billion since the end of World War II. Also it has been shown that foreign aid has historically slowed economic development and created dependence. The Libertarian Party has observed that â€Å"the U.S. Agency for International Development itself admits, ‘Only a handful of countries that started receiving U.S. assistance in the 1950s and 1960s have ever graduated from dependent status’†(www.lp.org). I did not choose the Republican or Democratic Party because they seemed to lack the ability to look at a part of government logically and decide that it needs to be completely changed or removed. They feel the only way to fix a problem is by pumping more money into it and taking away more of our liberties. I... Free Essays on The Libertarian Party Free Essays on The Libertarian Party The Libertarian Party is the best party for the United States of America. I chose this party because not only do they realize that long overdue changes need to be made to the government, they come prepared with logical solutions; logical solutions made after simple observations. For example, one big change the Libertarians feel is necessary is the ending of the prohibition of drugs. They came to this conclusion after a simple observation of when the US tried to make alcohol illegal in the 1920’s. The result was organized crime. Criminals had found an easy way to make money. But the money they made from liquor simply funded their need of guns and explosives to then rob banks and houses. The same problem exists today with marijuana, the most widespread drug. It simply pays for the cost of guns to commit more harmful crimes such as murder or grand larceny. Not only that, but the criminals can now afford to produce more dangerous drugs such as cocaine or heroine. Another good solution they have proposed is to end foreign aid. Recently there has been a lot of talk about leaving a huge deficit for the future generations. A large part of this deficit comes from the $14 billion the US spends on foreign aid every year, amounting in $400 billion since the end of World War II. Also it has been shown that foreign aid has historically slowed economic development and created dependence. The Libertarian Party has observed that â€Å"the U.S. Agency for International Development itself admits, ‘Only a handful of countries that started receiving U.S. assistance in the 1950s and 1960s have ever graduated from dependent status’†(www.lp.org). I did not choose the Republican or Democratic Party because they seemed to lack the ability to look at a part of government logically and decide that it needs to be completely changed or removed. They feel the only way to fix a problem is by pumping more money into it and taking away more of our liberties. I...

Negative Impacts of Sexism Portrayed in Advertisements Essays

Negative Impacts of Sexism Portrayed in Advertisements Essays Negative Impacts of Sexism Portrayed in Advertisements Essay Negative Impacts of Sexism Portrayed in Advertisements Essay Essay Topic: The Second Sex Negative Impacts of Sexism Portrayed in Advertisements Name: Course: Institution: Tutor: Date: Negative Impacts of Sexism Portrayed in Advertisements Introduction Jean Kilbourne discusses the role and impact of various advertisements in the article Two Ways a Woman Can Get Hurt. She looks at the various ways through which advertisements for different products portray sexism, gender disparity and male violence. She notes how the advertisers use images and words to encourage male violence. She discusses how women have been objectified in the ads, and how the men are seen as superior. The advertisers are interested in making sales rather than the impact the ads have on the society. Kilbourne’s essay properly depicts the negative impacts of advertisements on women in the fashion (clothes) industry. Discussion According to Colombo et al. (2007), young girls are affected by these ads, whether they are the ones in the advertisements or watching them. The ad by the American apparel in the year 2009, a young girl was posted scarcely dress as she advertised a Flex Fleece zip hoody. In a sequence of six photos, she only has the hoody covering the top side of her body and underwear on her lower part. In the first photo, the hoody is fully zipped up to the upper chest. In the second photo, the hoody is half-zipped and her part of her cleavage is visible. In the third photo, the photo has been shot from the side so her thighs are fully exposed but her upper body part is covered by the hood. In the forth, fifth and sixth photos, the the hood is completely open and her breasts are exposed. In the sixth photo, especially, her nipples are almost exposed. This advertisement was banned because of the alleged age of the model. The girl looks as though she is under the age of 16 and thus not suitable for such commercial ads. She portrays a negative image of the girls and to the younger girls. Why did the advertisers have to make her wear nothing else apart from the underwear and the hoody? Did she have to wear the hoody without a bra or a top inside? The attention will be drawn to the girls body and not on the hoody as intended. By looking at the advertisement, a couple of messages are passed across. Clothes are worn for sexual appeal and not just for the simple aim of covering the naked body, keeping warm or looking smart. It is as if the advertisers are encouraging the young girls towear the hoody in order to look more sexy. To top it up, unzipped hoodys make one look sexier than zipped ones. This is in regard to the number of photos portrayed of the girl wearing the unzipped hoody thus exposing her body. Kilbourne insists that women and men are encouraged to execute certain things or act in a given way. This is proved true by this picture, the message being passed across at first glance is that the person should wear the hoody for sexual attraction. Such a hoody can be worn with other clothes. In fact, most girls will wear this hoody with another top inside. The extremists will wear a bra inside and then zip it up. In using the young looking model, the advertisement depicts that young girls can only look good when they expose their body as much as they can, even when watering a hood. In an another ad done by Calvin Klein fashion house in advertising jeans, the models depict a violent and a sexual scene. The ad has three men and one woman (Lara Stone). Two of the men are only wearing jeans with nothing else on top and the third man is wearing a shirt. Lara Stone is wearing something that looks like a dress or a too that has been pulled up to her bust so that her body is exposed. Her head is laid on one of the men’s laps. This man is holding her head. The other man has her jeans unbuttoned and ready to lie on Stone. The third man wearing a shirt is seated on the ground and seems destructed from the on-going scenario. By the look of the woman (Stone), she does not seem to be bothered by what is about to take place. She seems to portray a sensual face. The billboards with this ad were taken down and the ad banned because it depicted sexual violence to women. The woman is used as a sexual and vulnerable subject in this advertisement. She is not only vulnerable to one man but to many men. Kilbourne insists that women are encouraged to give in to a man’s desires when buying a particular product. The message being passed across in this ad is that men can have their way with no objection from the woman, after buying the jeans from Calvin Klein. By showing that the woman has given in to the men’s demands, the ad implies that women can simply give in because of material things. The ad shows as if the woman is about to get intimate with three men. This is extreme sexual negativity on the women. Kilbourne also establishes that men tend to be possessive and aggressive towards the women. This is greatly seen in this ad. The men want to be intimate with the woman at the same turn and in the same place. Although it is true that there are men who fantasize about a woman at the same place, very few men are willing to get intimate in the presence of other men. In another advertisement done by Dolce and Gabbana in the year 2006, violence and nudity were depicted. The ad, portraying men’s wear in the 18th century, features six men and one woman. The men’s suites and hair portray the dangerous liaisons-style of this period. The woman wearing boots is completely naked. One of the six men is lying on the ground with blood oozing from his forehead to portray a gunshot. Two of the men are holding knives the other two seated, (one of them wearing a mask) and the last man is holding a gun on one hand and a naked woman on the other hand. The six men are decently dressed but the woman is naked thus leans on the man to hide her burst and her pubic area. Kilbourne has further noted that some advertisements pass on subliminal messages to the public. This advertisement proves this statement true. Why is the woman naked while all the others are decently dressed? This question pops within the first few minutes of looking at the ad. The woman is depicted as a sexual being to the men. The ad was meant to advertisement men’s clothes. It is as if the woman was featured in order to make the ad have more ratings. The men are also featured as violent. However, due to their clothes, the women overlook their violent nature and thus sexually attracted to them. In another perspective, their clothes make their violent nature attractive to the woman. In a third perspective, women are generally attracted to violence. All these angles of the ad can be perceived by the audience. The message passed on to the audience by this ad is that a woman’s attraction to violence is sexy. Her sexuality is a men’s pleaser and there is nothing wrong with it. It also portrays that the exposure of a woman’s nudity to the public is appealing and not embarrassing. It even calms violent men. Conclusion Colombo et al. (2007) point out that the impact of advertisements on the society cannot be ignored. Kilbourne has also put it clear that both woman and men are portrayed in certain ways in most of the advertisements. In the three examples of ads given above, this statement by Kilbourne has been proved right. Above all, the women seem too be on the wrong receiving end. The three ads have portrayed women as sexual subjects in the fashion industry. It is as if wearing clothes that cover much of the body is no longer sexy or fashionable. The fashion industry has used feminism to uplift the man’s ego when wearing particular clothes. The women are used to show that they are vulnerable and without defense when these wear these clothes. The men are portrayed as very attractive, their weaknesses covered and their will fulfilled when wearing these clothes. It is up to the audience to decide how they wish the advertisements to portray both men and women. If the society takes the necessary action, the advertisers will do something about it. Examples of the Advertisements Example 1 debonairmag.com/the-most-controversial-ads-fashion-history-part-two/9 Example 2 fashionist.ca/2010/11/controversial-advertisements-violence-in-fashion-ads.html Example 3 fashionist.ca/2010/11/controversial-advertisements-violence-in-fashion-ads.html References American Apparel, (2009). FlexFleece. Retrieved From debonairmag.com/the-most-controversial-ads-fashion-history-part-two/9 Calvin Klein, (2010). Calvin Klein Jeans. Retrrieved From fashionist.ca/2010/11/controversial-advertisements-violence-in-fashion-ads.html Colombo G., Cullen, R., Lisle, B. (2007). Rereading America: Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s Dolce Gabbana, (2006). Dangerous Liaisons Style. Retrieved From fashionist.ca/2010/11/controversial-advertisements-violence-in-fashion-ads.html Kilbourne, J. (2008). â€Å"Two Ways a Woman Can Get Hurt†. True Women and Real Men :418-431.

Reducing the lifecycle cost of oil and gas facility by use of Essay

Reducing the lifecycle cost of oil and gas facility by use of simulation - Essay Example During operations, oil and gas industries incur lifecycle costs that affects their production capacity and cost of production. Lifecycle costs include recurring and other nonrecurring costs incurred by a company during a certain operational period. Oil and gas companies incur lifecycle cost through installation of new facilities, maintenance, and upgrading of the existing facilities. Facilities in the companies have definite life span and therefore the companies experience an additional when closing them down With these costs to consider, the companies are concerned with the possible alternatives to cut or reduce the effects of the lifespan cost. In order to eliminate or minimize lifecycle cost, oil companies rely on planning making simulations a useful tool. Simulations are models applied by the companies to determine the viability of a facility before its inception (Gorski, 2006). This paper therefore analyzes the benefits achieved from application of simulations in the reduction o f lifecycle cost in oil and gas companies. Some of the ways in which simulation is applied to reduce lifecycle cost Evaluation and comparison of different approaches for replacement Evaluation and comparison of alternative strategies for product use Evaluation and comparison of different designs Optimal allocation of available funds of activities in the process of product development During their lifespan, most companies are confronted with situations where they need to make important decisions on whether to close down a facility or to change a business strategy. In such situations, the companies experience lifecycle costs that affect their production. Such companies can apply simulation models to determine whether they need to close down the existing facility or they need to improve its efficiency. Using simulations the managers of the affected companies can determine whether they need to adopt a new business, strategy or to modify the existing strategy to fit their operations. Sec ondly oil and gas companies continuously retire old facilities as they install new facilities, these processes costs the company a lot of money and therefore the companies need to make appropriate decision. Simulations come in as the most appropriate tool that the companies need apply when making strategic management and operational decisions. Using simulation models strategic managers of a company are able to evaluate benefits from alternative decisions. With simulation models, managers can determine decisions and solutions that best fits their companies. Simulations therefore enable the companies to reduce uncertainty when making important decision that concerns their operation. Companies in the oil and gas industry always have new projects intended to improve their operations and facilities. The new facilities rely heavily on designs and therefore the companies are always on the lookout for the most appropriate design. The companies need to evaluate the suitability of these desig ns before choosing the most appropriate design (Petra, 2004). Using simulation models, companies can determine the most appropriate design from the possible choices. The companies also need to choose the most efficient design from the available possibilities; this requires data analysis and projections that cannot be achieved without the real facility. However, with simulations strategic managers of the companies are able to determine and evaluate the efficiency of such models through an analysis simulation models data (Lanner, 2008). Before launching a new product into the market or initiating a project, oil and gas companies need to evaluate their economic viability. In this process, simulation models stands out as the most appropriate tool for application. Using the models, companies are able to predict the market’s response towards a new product. Companies such as Shell Company use ADENT simulation techniques to evaluate the viability of its new products in potential mark ets. The tool is

Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 11

Argument - Essay Example ts: one from the USA Today (Australian gun control holds lessons for U.S.) and the other published online in Denver Post (Gun rights and gun control arent necessarily exclusive). The discourse would present a separate examination of each article’s arguments including supporting contentions. A concluding portion would then assess which editorial was deemed most effective. The editorial article entitled â€Å"Australian gun control holds lessons for U.S.† published online in the USA Today on December 18, 2012 proffered issues that apparently compared the measures taken by Australia in terms of gun control. As an editorial article, the author comes from the Editorial Board, but was not specifically identified. The article’s main thesis was despite sharing similarities between the United States and Australia in terms of having previously experienced violent deaths due to indiscriminate firing of guns, Australia’s gun control policy which was enforced after a 1996 shooting eventually solved the dilemma. According to the discourse, Australian law on gun control necessitated categorizing firearms into five distinct classifications, where â€Å"some of the deadliest assault-style weapons and large ammunition clips are now all but impossible for individuals to lawfully own. (Further), firearms are subject to a strict permitting process, and dealers are required to record sales, which are tracked by the national and territorial governments†¦ (In addition,) the law encouraged people to sell their firearms back to the government, which purchased and destroyed about 700,000 of them† (Australian gun control holds lessons for U.S. pars. 4 & 5). Due to the passing of this law, the report disclosed that evident result was no violent gun-related incidents ever occurred. The author used logical arguments through the support of evidential historical records and citing credible findings that apparently revealed the effectiveness of gun control through the law enforced by

Food Predicament Essay Example for Free

Food Predicament Essay 1. List three factors largely responsible for the significant increase in North American food production since the end of World War II. a. Population Growth b. Rising personal income 2. Describe the trends in world food production vis-a-vis population growth from 1950 to the present. There is more people to supply food than before. 3. To what extent does expanding the amount of land under cultivation offer hope for significantly increasing world food supply? Why? To permit unproductive lands to be farmed, making it possible to raise two to three crops a year on the same land. 4. List four reasons for the loss of currently productive agricultural land. a. erosion b. desertification c. salinization d. water-logging 5. What factors make it unlikely that ocean fish harvests can be increased substantially above present levels? Large predator fish, overexploitation by industrial fishing fleets has reduced stocks of some species. 6. List several changes in food-handling practices that poor countries could implement to prevent loss of harvested crops. Store grains in bins that may not be easily penetrated, have good refrigeration and have reliable transport for the food. 7. To what extent can eating lower on the food chain help to solve problems of world hunger? It will help until the population grows more and going vegetarian would not be possible. 8. Why are a number of relatively affluent countries purchasing farmland in other nations? What are the advantages and disadvantages of such purchases for the host country? Because of the productive soil their food will grow much better in each different region. Some advantages might be that they will have that food available for the consumers and some disadvantages might be that there is a climate change and loose the crop. B. Match the following deficiency diseases with the nutritional factor (shown below the table) whose absence provoked these conditions (you can use the factor or corresponding letter (a, b, .): 1. childhood blindness 2. marasmus 3. anemia 4. kwashiorkor 5. mental retardation 6. pellagra 7. scurvy 8. rickets 9. beri-beri a. protein b. fiber c. vitamin A d. vitamin Bl (thiamine) e. vitamin C f. vitamin D g. vitamin E h. niacin i. iodine j. iron k. overall calorie/protein shortage C. True/False. Indicate T or F in the space before each numbered question. If the statement is false, revise it below in the box provided to make a correct statement; focus your response on the words in bold. 1. As incomes rise, food demand increases because more affluent people eat larger quantities of food. 2. It is estimated that approximately a billion people in the world today are undernourished. 3.Within families in poor societies, adolescent boys are the most likely to suffer from malnutrition. 4. Overpopulation is the major cause of chronic hunger problems in the developing world. 5. In societies where hunger is widespread, the rate of malnutrition among children and women is much higher than it is among men. 6. Malnutrition is most harmful when it occurs among children under 5. 7. The damaging effects of childhood malnutrition are reversible if the child receives an adequate diet when he/she becomes older. 8. Malnourished women are likely to give birth to underweight babies and to produce poor quality breast milk. 9. Marasmus is responsible for more childhood deaths in developing countries than any other single cause. 10. The most common nutritional deficiency disease worldwide is kwashiorkor. 11. A swollen belly, discoloration of the hair and skin, and stunted physical development are all classic symptoms of overall protein/calorie deprivation. 12. The worlds single most important cause of preventable brain damage and mental retardation is Vitamin A deficiency. 13. Aquaculrure offers greater hope for increasing the worlds fish harvest than does intensifying efforts in ocean fishing. 14. World livestock production, which rose steadily from 1950-1990, has subsequently leveled off because of falling market demand for meat. 15. Anemia is a leading cause of high female mortality rates and problem pregnancies in many poor countries. 16. Aquaculture supplies almost all of the tuna fish found in American supermarkets. 17. Biotechnology can help reduce farmers reliance on chemical fertilizers and pesticides and may make it possible to cultivate lands currently too dry or too saline for farming. 18. Among species commonly raised to supply animal protein for human consumption, fish are the most efficient energy converters, requiring just 2-3 pounds of feed to gain one pound of flesh. 19. In sub-Saharan Africa, grain production has remained stagnant at about one ton/ hectare since the early 1960s. 20. Significant increases in agricultural production achieved by technological breakthroughs such as the miracle grains or genetically modified crop and livestock varieties will ensure that all the worlds people enjoy an adequate diet.

Social and Economic Equality of African Americans in America Essay

Social and Economic Equality of African Americans in America The struggle for social and economic equality of Black people in America has been long and slow. It is sometimes amazing that any progress has been made in the racial equality arena at all; every tentative step forward seems to be diluted by losses elsewhere. For every "Stacey Koons" that is convicted, there seems to be a Texaco executive waiting to send Blacks back to the past. Throughout the struggle for equal rights, there have been courageous Black leaders at the forefront of each discrete movement. From early activists such as Frederick Douglass, Booker T. Washington, and W.E.B. DuBois, to 1960s civil rights leaders and radicals such as Martin Luther King, Malcolm X, and the Black Panthers, the progress that has been made toward full equality has resulted from the visionary leadership of these brave individuals. This does not imply, however, that there has ever been widespread agreement within the Black community on strategy or that the actions of prominent Black leaders have met with strong support from those who would benefit from these actions. This report will examine the influence of two "early era" Black activists: Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois. Through an analysis of the ideological differences between these two men, the writer will argue that, although they disagreed over the direction of the struggle for equality, the differences between these two men actually enhanced the status of Black Americans in the struggle for racial equality. We will look specifically at the events leading to and surrounding the "Atlanta Compromise" in 1895. In order to understand the differences in the philosophies of Washington and Dubois, it is useful to know something about their backgrounds. Booker T. Washington, born a slave in 1856 in Franklin County, Virginia, could be described as a pragmatist. He was only able to attend school three months out of the year, with the remaining nine months spent working in coal mines. He developed the idea of Blacks becoming skilled tradesmen as a useful stepping-stone toward respect by the white majority and eventual full equality. Washington worked his way through Hampton Institute and helped found the Tuskeegee Institute, a trade school for blacks. His essential strategy for the advancement of American Blacks was for them to achieve enha... ...ecame more mainstream, it became increasingly conservative, and this did not please DuBois, who left the organization in 1934. He returned later but was eventually shunned by Black leadership both inside and outside of the NAACP, especially after he voiced admiration for the USSR. In the political climate of the late 1940s and 1950s, any hint of a pro-communist attitude--black or white--was unwelcome in any group with a national political agenda. We can see, then, that neither Washington's strategy of appeasement nor DuBois's plan for an elite Black intelligentsia was to become wholly successful in elevating American Blacks to a position of equality. However, perhaps it was more than the leadership of any one Black man that encouraged African Americans to demand a full measure of social and economic equality. Perhaps the fact that there was a public dialogue in itself did more to encourage Black equality than the philosophy of any one prominent Black man. After all, concepts such as equality are exactly that: concepts. As such, it up to each of us to decide how we see ourselves in relation to others; superior or inferior, equal or not equal, the choice is ultimately our own.

Made or Born a Serial Killer

Lexis Munoz Professor Miller English 5B 23 April 2013 Are Serial Killers Born or Made? Psychologist John B. Watson expressed in his scientific studies of human behavior that emotion is learnt and as humans we are highly social creatures, and by integrating those two ideas it signifies how much we, as the human race, are influenced by others as well as with the environment causing our behavior to be similar to the ones around us. A study conducted by American psychologist Albert Bandura in 1961 called the Bobo Doll experiment in which Bandura studied on small children between the ages of three and five.Each child was placed in a room with an adult and multiple toys including a bobo doll which is an inflated doll, soon after the adult would then hit, kick, and scream at the doll. Bandura used his theory of social learning to â€Å"stress the importance of observational learning, imitating, and modeling. † During the experiment the adult later would leave the room while the child would remain there. Bandura continued observing what the child did to the doll after seeing how the adult treated it and of course the child did exactly what the adult did; imitating everything from what the adult used to hit the doll with, the kicking, and the hitting.Humans cannot control their behavior because it is learned along with the emotions that come with it. Children that are brought up in an unloving, abusive, and neglected environment are later on in their adulthood emotionally scared for life and can soon become psychopathic serial killers at an extremely young age as four or even five. In an interview with a young child named BethThomas this little girl talked about her background of abuse and molestation. Her mothers death lead to the horrific abuse her and her younger 3 month year old brother at the time in the hands of their father.The abuse and molestation happened at a very young age but still stuck with her as she got older. While growing up her and her brother were sent to child services but were welcomed into a loving family that had no idea of their past. As time went by their adopted parent started realizing things were not right with little Beth. She killed and abused multiple animals as well as hurting her brother by hitting him and squeezing his private parts. Beth also hit her brother’s head on a cement floor until her adopted mother heard his screams and she even confessed to wanting to kill him.She took knifes from the kitchen and said in the interview that she wanted to use them to stab her parents when they were asleep. Abuse and molestation caused so many problems in her future but she got therapy and was placed in a controlled environment and is seemed to have turned out a better person, but because of her unfortunate past, no onecan ever know if she will kill or snap at any moment. In all Beth was put through a traumatic childhood that will always be with her due to the violence she experienced.Due to her experiences as a child she has psychological problems and hardly has a conscious which many children go through as growing up but in comparison to Beth’s case they do not always get the psychological help they need causing them to remain violent as Beth would have if she did not get treated as soon as she did. Child abused in the United States happens every thirteen second. Serial killers are not born they are made. Psychopaths grow up in harsh and unlivable environments and sometimes in inhabitable places as well.For example in the book a Child called it, there was a boy who was abused, neglected, unfed, unloved, and so on. Though he did not turn out to be a serial killer children like Albert DeSalvo who was raised in an abusive home and whose father often brought home prostitutes and taught him how to shoplift. Further more, some may say when nature versus nurture is in comparison with whether or not serial killers are made or born that they are born into a killing machine. For exampl e Andrei Chikatilo who is serial killer and also a cannibal was simply made into the monster he turned out to be.There was no abuse, neglects, or bad up bringing he had to endure. He had a normal life, went to school, and never experienced abused, but soon turned into a sexual predator and molester at a young age. Many people go on and on about we are who we are and we are born a certain way. One great example to prove this theory is the disease of cancer. Cancer is a disease some just get unexpectedly that is unpreventable basically. There are some ways to try to prevent it but honestly, there is just no way anyone can completely have the ability to prevent such a complex and difficult disease.Another judgment people may say is that there are multiple reasons and explanations for a serial killer to become into killers but it is not because of abuse, neglect, or ridiculous accusations like porn, but because they are born the way they are. It is all in their genetics many argue and t here is no way abuse is the cause for a serial killer to murder, rape, and molest, and so on. It is only correlation not a cause which means those are only factors and not solely the cause of a psychopath.

Media Ethics and behavior

With the most resent massacre at Virginia Tech the issue of media ethics has once again been brought into question.   This, I believe, is because of the need to understanding why or how this could happen.   Perhaps this understanding could prevent another violent incident from happening to our children and to our society and allow a certain type of closure in our grief. In researching the topic of journalistic ethics and its effects on behavior, I found three distinct concerns that related to the Virginia Tech massacre the first; does the media influence or encourage behavior? And if so, what steps is the media taking to understand this issue?   Is the media industry trying to create a plan to regulate how incidents of this nature are portrayed, or how they will be reported and in what context?   The second is on the issue of gun control; are United States laws on gun ownership not strict enough?   Do we need to get tougher?   Should we create more laws? And third is American society failing when dealing with mental health issues?   Is there enough studies being done or funding for mental health issues?   It should also be noted that in all the information on violent behavior everyone agrees that there is not one single indicator that will predict human behavior and that all avenues must be explored to fully understand human behavior which is very complex. In the United States children and young adults are among the highest at risk for experiencing violent crimes and violence.   We can also claim that a large portion of our time is spent interacting in the world of media.   Some forms of media used by American adolescents have been found to be very violent and this is where the question of media’s effect on behavior comes in.   Shortly after the Virginia Tech incident a USA Today article told of a popular game called â€Å"Assassin†. This game is played on both college and high school campuses across America.   Police officers have been urging students, â€Å"to halt the games, which involve ambushing other players with sometimes realistic looking toy gun or other objects, after the Virginia Tech shooting last week that left 33 people dead†.   The local authorities did this as a preventive measurement for the safety of the kids playing as well as others by mistaken intent (Welch). Serious crime by adolescents rose greatly in the late 1980s, and peaked in 1994. Since then juvenile crime has declined even faster than overall crime, and violent offenses by juveniles have fallen back to 1980s levels. In 2000, juveniles accounted for 17 percent of all violent crime arrests and 32 percent of all property crime arrests.   According to federal statistics juveniles account for only 9 percent of those arrested for murder, but make up one-quarter of all robbery arrests and 53 percent of all arson arrests. Since the number of Americans under the age of 18 is projected to increase, some juvenile justice experts argue the juvenile crime rate may increase as well (Public Agenda.org). But regardless of how the media reports on school killings, society needs to develop better ways of helping their children when viewing or in some cases experiencing violence.   Teaching individuals at a young age that violence in any form is not tolerated and work at understanding why young individuals see violence as a method for solving problems. The Society of Professional Journalists and the Associated Student Press joined together to discuss how school violence is to be covered.   The discussion was to try to see how to balance reporting the news with minimizing harm to students across the country.   If shooters get their â€Å"fifteen minutes of fame†, especially is they are dubbed as the heroic outlaw, then this opens the possible problems of increasingly more disenfranchised â€Å"nobodies† who may view violence as a way to become noticed. Reporters pressured to get the story and make it central on the nightly news may not be sensitive to the effects of their coverage in the larger scheme of things (Fitzgerald and Mitchell).   Members of the Society of Professional Journalists believe that public enlightenment is the important to justice and the foundation of democracy. The organization also believes that the duty of the journalist is to further those ends by seeking truth and providing a fair and comprehensive account of events and issues. They believe that all journalists from all media and specialties strive to serve the public with thoroughness and honesty. They go on to say that professional integrity is the cornerstone of a journalist's credibility. Members of the Society share a dedication to ethical behavior and adopt this code to declare the Society's principles and standards of practice (www.spj.org). This organization, Society for Professional Journalism, believes that ethical journalists treat sources, subjects and colleagues as human beings deserving of respect. Journalists should show compassion for those who may be affected adversely by news coverage. Use special sensitivity when dealing with children and inexperienced sources or subjects.   They must be sensitive when seeking or using interviews or photographs of those affected by tragedy and recognize that gathering and reporting information may cause harm or discomfort. Pursuit of the news is not a license for arrogance. Recognize that private people have a greater right to control information about themselves than do public officials and others who seek power, influence or attention. Only an overriding public need can justify intrusion into anyone’s privacy. Journalist must show good taste, avoid pandering to lurid curiosity, be cautious about identifying juvenile suspects or victims of sex crimes, be judicious about naming criminal suspects before the formal filing of charges and balance a criminal suspect’s fair trial rights with the public’s right to be informed. Journalists should also â€Å"avoid conflicts of interest, real or perceived, remain free of associations and activities that may compromise integrity or damage credibility, refuse gifts, favors, fees, free travel and special treatment, and shun secondary employment, political involvement, public office and service in community organizations if they compromise journalistic integrity.   Journalist should disclose unavoidable conflicts, be vigilant and courageous about holding those with power accountable, deny favored treatment to advertisers and special interests and resist their pressure to influence news coverage and be wary of sources offering information for favors or money; avoid bidding for news† (www.spj.org). The meeting produced many ideals to help reporters and the public when dealing with violence and kids. As juvenile crime increased in the 1990s, nearly every state passed laws making it easier to prosecute juveniles in adult courts for serious offenses. Supporters say many juveniles are hardened criminals despite their youth, and maybe it’s not appropriate to handle serious crimes like murder and rape in the juvenile justice system. Critics say juveniles tried as adults will not get any of the counseling and rehabilitation services that might prevent them from committing more crimes. In surveys, most Americans endorse trying some juveniles as adults, but they also believe rehabilitation programs can be effective. Student journalists hope to educate the professionals about how to deal with people their age and how to be more aware of their concerns.   In turn, the professionals can guide students in how best to cover stories. The theory is that student journalists can get kids to talk without pressuring them or invading their privacy the way many journalists from out of town have done.   Yet working together with the professionals can help them through the process and through the trauma.   It may also be the case that student journalists can get through to other students in ways that adults can't, because students will more willing to read something about violence written by another student. â€Å"We want to read it from the point of view of someone who knows what we're experiencing,† said one student. Professional reporters come in, get the story, and leave, kids at a school where violence has occurred can continue to cover the story in a long-range manner, and with more breadth and depth.   â€Å"Kids know there is more depth,† said Laura Schaub, of the Oklahoma Inter-Scholastic Press Association, â€Å"but they can use professional assistance conceptualizing how to get it into the paper† (www.spj.org). In more resent weeks NBC news has been under fire for the way it handled the pictures and writings of the student who killed 32 people at Virginia Tech.   NBC announced that it would limit its use of images to â€Å"no more than 10 percent of airtime†.   Steve Capus, the president of NBC News, strongly defended the network’s decision to broadcast the material.   Families of some of the victims, some law enforcement officials and executives from competing television news organizations have accused NBC of being insensitive or exploitative in the way it presented the materials on the air. (Carter). In a study from the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control I found that there were 173 incidents between July 1, 1994 and June 30, 1998. The majorities of these incidents were homicides involving the use of firearms. The total number of incidents did decrease steadily since the 1992-1993 school year. But the total number of multiple victim events appears to have increased. During August 1995 through June 1998, there were an average of five multiple victims events per year. This is compared to an average of one multiple victim event per year in the three years from August 1992 through July 1995. While the total number of events of school associated violent deaths have decreased, the total number of multiple-victim events appears to have increased (2007). In a study by the Center for Disease Control named Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) is a school-based survey designed to produce a nationally representative sample of risk behaviors among students in grades 9-12. This study was completed in 1997 and reported that 18.3% of high school students carried a weapons weather it was a gun, knife, or club during the 30 days preceding the survey, down from 26.1% in 1991. The survey also found that 5.9% of high school students carried a gun during the 30 days preceding the survey, 8.5% of high school students carried a weapon on school property during the 30 days preceding the survey and that 7.4% of high school students were threatened or injured with a weapon on school property during the 12 months preceding the survey. Nationwide, 4% of students had missed 1 or more days of school during the 30 days preceding the survey because they had felt unsafe at school or when traveling to or from school. The prevalence of weapon carrying on school property on 1 or more of the 30 days preceding the survey was 8.5% nationwide. Overall, male students (12.5%) were significantly more likely than female students (3.7%) to have carried a weapon on school property (www.cdc.gov). Research has demonstrated that exposure to both real life and media violence is associated with increased hostility and aggressive behavior and decreased empathy. However, not all adolescents will be affected by violence exposure in the same way. Those who are exposed to personal and community violence, or who have a predisposition to aggressive behavior, may be more at risk for the negative effects of violence exposure. The study explored the effects of real life and media violence exposure on two populations, 216 high school students (109 girls) and 96 adolescents (13 girls) detained in a juvenile detention center. Participants completed seven self-report instruments measuring exposure to real life and media violence, psychopathology, hostile attributions, aggression, empathy, and social desirability. Due to the differences in the samples, results were analyzed separately (Greene). Consistent with the hypotheses and the General Aggression Model, real life and media violence exposure was significantly associated with and significantly predicted increased aggression, increased hostile attributions, and decreased empathy for the high school student sample. Additionally, psychopathology was a significant mediating variable for the relationship between real life violence and aggression. For the detained adolescents, exposure to real life violence was positively associated with aggression and psychopathology, but was not significantly associated with hostile attributions or empathy. Media violence was not associated with aggression, hostile attributions, or empathy. But these results were not consistent with the hypotheses and may reflect desensitization processes or differences in aggressive practices among this high risk sample. Results of this study suggest the need for further work in the areas of prevention and interventions for violence-exposed adolescents in order to reduce negative outcomes. Additionally, future research may wish to focus more attention on high risk individuals to better understand the process through which these adolescents react to violence exposure (Anderson, Berkowitz, Donnerstein, Huesmann, Johnson, Linz, Malamouth and Wartella). Gun control is also part of this discussion.   This was the first topic brought out when the incident at Virginia Tech. was first reported.   The world news made this the center for attention.   Media placed blame for the cause in America on the topic of gun control and placed media’s involvement on the back burner.   New York mayor, Michael Bloomber stated to Newsweek, â€Å"the conversation about guns needs to move beyond the extremes of Second Amendment purity and liberal utopianism. Much of the rest of the world manages to control gun violence better than we do; this is one case where American exceptionalism is nothing to be proud of† (May 4, 2007).   But we shouldn’t forget that blame first should be put on the young man who actually did the killings and secondary blame can then be divided up equally between all other factors involved. General Public in America believes that for the most part other preventive measures are better than owning or carrying a gun.   On the web site Public agenda they conducted a survey on the general population and found that only about 21% believe that guns are useful in preventing crimes.   Most Americans say that tougher laws and punishment would be a better deterrent for crime.   They also found that a majority of Americans feel that school violence is not a serious problem in their schools and in general they feel safe.   They all admit that their community could still be susceptible to an incident like at Virginia Tech. (www.publicagenda.org). Another point the media and the public brought out was the responsibility of helping individuals with possible mental health issues that might have caused someone like Cho Seung-Hui, the killer from Virginia Tech., to behave or react as he did.   In an article in Newsweek dated April 30th, 2007 they looked into the failure of the system and the general population as to seeing the signs, â€Å"Cho had apparently dropped through the cracks of the university bureaucracy. Earlier run-ins weren’t in his records† (31). We need to encourage students who hear one of their friends make a threat to take it seriously, even if they don't believe that person would ever really so it. Look at the problem of bullying by peers in schools is another even though it may never be stopped, but listening to kids that are experiencing the bullying along with the kids bullying might help.   In doing this research I found that media isn’t the only factor in possibly making what has been happening in America worse. But to me it is clear there was an influence.   In an article written by Evan Thomas he did write about Cho Seung-Hui’s video and said he, â€Å"pays homage to â€Å"Eric and Dylan† the two videogame-addled teenagers who killed 13 students at Columbine High School in 1999† (24).   In my opinion this does show a connection between violence and the media.   The Media industry really should acknowledge this fact instead of avoiding or defending their style of reporting.   Conscious efforts and discussion is vital in order to stop a growing trend in America when it comes to crime and violence. Works Cited Anderson, Craig A., Berkowitz, Leonard., Dommerstien, Edward., Huesmann, L.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rowell., Johnson, James D., Linz, Danniel., Malamouth, Neil M., and Wartella,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ellen.   â€Å"The Influence of Media Violence on Youth†.   Psychological Science in   Ã‚  Ã‚   the Public Interest.   December 2003. V. 4. Issue 3.   p. 81-118. 30p. Center for Disease Control.   Fitzgerald, Mark, and Mitchell, Grey., Eds.   Society of Professional Journalists.   Retrieved May 3, 2007.   Greene, Kathern. â€Å"Predicting Exposure to and Linking of Media Violence: A uses and    Gratification Approach†.   Communication Studies, March 2005.   V. 56, Issue 1,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   p.71-93. 23p. Meacham, J. â€Å"The Editor’s Desk†.   Newsweek.   April 30, 2007.   p.4,4 National Center for Injury Prevention of Enterprise Communication Media Relation,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   April 21, 1999. Retrieved May 3, 2007.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Public Agenda. Retrieved May 2, 2007.    Savage, Joanne. â€Å"Does Viewing Violent Media Really Cause Criminal Violence? A   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Methodological Review†.   Aggression and Violent Behavior.   November 2004. V.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   10, Issue 1, p. 99-128. 30p. Thomas, Evan.   â€Å"Making of a Massacre†.   Newsweek.   April 20, 2007.   p. 22-31 Welch, W.   â€Å"Students Urged to Stop Playing â€Å"Assassin† Game†.   USA Today. May 4,    2007.   Section: News. P. 3A   

Aaa Sex Story Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers

Aaa Sex Story Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers Aaa Sex Story I'd always thought of her as a fairly shy girl, so I was totally unprepared for what happened next. As soon as we sat down on the sofa in the living room, she leaned over and kissed me. Not a little peck, but a full-blown french kiss. It must have lasted for ages as she pushed me down onto my back, pressing her firm breasts against my chest. When she broke the kiss, she looked into my eyes and said I've liked you for so long, but I never had the nerve to do anything about it. I want you. Before I could say anything else, she kissed me again. This time, though, she slid one of her hands down into my jeans to find my penis, which by this time was fully erect and longing for some action. Encouraged by this finding, she undid my jeans and pushed them and my underwear as far down my legs as she could until finally she had to break the kiss. She wasted no time in moving down to my cock and licking its head. She took me in her mouth, but not very deeply. I grabbed her head and gently pushed down, but she resisted. She came up off my *censored* and said Uh ... this is my first time; I hope I'm not too bad at it, then surrounded my cock with her lips once again. She took me a little deeper each time, with a little more suction, a little more tongue action. I didn't tell her, but it was my first time, too, and I'd never felt anything like this before. I lay my head back against the chair arm, closed my eyes, and the feeling swept me away. No wonder guys always talk about getting head, I thought to myself. She was evidently a quick learner, for she soon had me about to cum. I moaned Ohh .... ooohhhh ... I'm ... I'm about to ... , but I didn't get a chance to finish the thought. As every muscle in my body tensed up, I looked at her head bobbing up and down and I shot my semen into a woman for the first time. I guess she didn't quite know what to expect, as she coughed a little before managing to swallow a couple of times. She gave my cock one last suck and lifted her head, smiling. I grabbed her by the shoulders and pulled her head up to meet mine. I kissed her, passionately jousting with her tongue. I was surprised at the taste of my semen; I'd always thought it would be gross, but it actually wasn't so bad. When we broke the kiss, she looked me in the eye and said Did I do OK? The only answer I could think of was another kiss, as my hands went down to her skirt. I fondled her ass a bit while I removed the skirt and her panties. I broke the kiss and told her Now it's your turn. We exchanged positions and I moved down to her *censored*, kissing her breasts through the sweater on the way and wondering if I'd be anywhere near as good for her as she was for me. I gave her outer lips a little kiss, prodding between them with my tongue. Heidi shuddered and spread her legs some more, so I figured I was starting out OK. I spread her lips with my hands and found her clit with my tongue. Her response was a little moan. As I licked her clit, she grabbed my rig ht hand and pushed it towards her breasts, under her sweater. She was wearing a front-closing bra; I wonder if she had anything in mind when she put it on today? It was quite a challenge undoing her bra without my tongue losing track of what it was doing, particularly with only one hand free to work on her bra, but I finally managed to get one of her magnificent breasts in my hand. I was running my fingers around her nipple, pinching it, pressing on it, squeezing her breasts; meanwhile, I was probing into her cunt with my

Improve Your Planning Skills to Perform Better in College

Improve Your Planning Skills to Perform Better in College College can become a great struggle if you dont know how to balance your school, social life and probably a job. The ability to manage yourself and resources available to you, such as time and circumstances, determines your academic performance. If you want to be a successful and confident learner, you need to improve your planning skills. Why? Because planning and prioritizing will help you stay focused on the most important tasks and complete them on schedule. Here are a few simple tips on how to become more efficient by improving your planning skills. 1. Identify Critical Tasks First of all, you need to determine the most important tasks to make sure that they are done first. Accurately think about the crucial activities to be carried out during a day: maybe you have a scheduled meeting with your professor, a rehearsal with your band, need to conduct a research for your case study or write an urgent essay for your English class. It might be challenging to do it at first but as the time passes, youll be able to define the most relevant tasks among all other daily activities. 2. Arrange Tasks in a Logical Order To accomplish all the tasks that are assigned to you, you need to arrange them in a correct order. List all the things that should be done, the approximate time for their completion and the deadline. Then structure them in the following way: start from the smallest tasks that dont take much time and proceed with the more difficult and time-consuming ones. Do not immediately jump into doing a big task, it will just discourage you. Until you see that you have a lot of things to do, youll be overwhelmed. 3. Establish Priorities You need to differentiate between urgent, important and unimportant tasks. For instance, your essay with a one-day deadline is an urgent task. Starting to make a research for your paper is an important task but not critical. Watching a movie is an unimportant activity for your college performance, unless you need to write a movie review. You need to sort tasks by their significance for your academic success. 4. Create â€Å"To-Do† Lists By making organized â€Å"to-do† lists, youll be able to prioritize the things you need to do, keep track of what should be still accomplished and feel productive and prepared in all areas of your student life. To-do lists come in different shapes and forms, so its all about what works for you. There is a variety of apps that help create a personal to-do list or you can write information by hand to remember it better. Just make sure that your list is simple, specific and displayed in a prominent place to remind you of what is important. 5. Organize Personal Time for Your Responsibilities While planning, you need to find some time for your personal needs and responsibilities. Make sure that you always schedule such things as phone calls to your family, eating out with friends, shopping, etc. Your daily schedule should be realistic and include time for eating, sleeping and going out. If you just plan time for accomplishing the academic assignments, you will become exhausted very soon and wont be able to manage your workload. 6. Work Step-By-Step Working step-by-step will help you achieve a better output. If you have a systematic workflow and follow it, youll be more organized. Check your to-do list from time to time to make certain that you are on track and always cross out the tasks you have already completed. The feeling of progress will motivate you to do quality work in a faster way. 7. Remember the 6 Ps of Planning Proper Prior Planning Prevents Poor Performance. Planning skills are important in everything you do. A person who is organized can deal with all the tasks more effectively in less time. Once you start developing your planning skills, youll see how a more productive student you become. You want to complete everything faster, dont you? Then force yourself to plan! If you need help in creating long-term plans, check out our infographics on How to Write a 5 Year Plan.

Business Proposal-Business Solutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Proposal-Business Solutions - Essay Example es at the company, evaluates the objectives necessary in tackling this issue, and then puts forward various suggestions and propositions for the company that it can apply in order to overcome the problem of losing its experienced and professional employees so soon and at a high rate. Problem A high turnover rate among employees of a given company has a negative impact on the overall performance of the company. This is because employees are the best asset that any company may have, and as such, instrumental in creating or developing a competitive advantage for the company over other industry players. However, a high rate in employee turnover means that the company loses at a fast rate its experienced and professional employees, sometimes to its competitors. This becomes a thorny issue as the company suffers a brain drain, as well as facing stiff competition from its competitors since the employees who leave the company to join its competitors go with important company information and secrets that its competitors later use to drive it out of the market. On the other hand, it is imperative to note that the company also suffers from inefficiencies in performance that result from the high rate of employee turnover. For instance, a company may reduce its production or processing capacity because it lacks adequate employees to undertake these duties and responsibilities within the company. This in turn reduces the overall output of the company, hence making it less competitive within the market, especially because it can no longer meet its market demands or satisfy its customers appropriately. Similarly, the process of recruiting and training new workers to fill in the vacancies created by the employees who left the organization is very costly and tiresome, especially considering that the company might have to undertake this process more frequently. The company loses vast resources in the recruitment and training sessions, as well as valuable time that would otherwise

Material Culture Essay 2014-15 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Material Culture 2014-15 - Essay Example Culture developed with the human advancement in technology. Technology development leads to the study of the various human cultures Kittler, Winthrop-Young, & Wutz, 1999). Art conservation deals with the objects of culture, it provides a safe and secure environment for the objects under study. The Art conservation centre has its own work ethics just like any other work environment. There are three methods of studying material culture Gregg Finleys, Fleming and Prowns Methods. Gregg Finley was an historian who came up with the methods of studying material culture in the society (Mcluhan, 1962). According to him objects as of value while studying the culture. The object of study has five attributes that should be keenly studied. The five attributes of a significance. The object material is the appearance, composition and the colour of the object. The material of the object can explain presence of some culture in that particular object. Construction of the object can reflect culture in terms of its decoration, dimension, quality of the object and fabrication. The function explains why the object was created and how it is used. Provenance explain the history of the object, the owner of the object, user of the object, where and when the object was created (Muri, 2007). The significance of the object states the importance of the object to the owners and the end user s of the object. The Fleming’s methods provide operation that can be used to relate culture to certain objects. The first operation is the identification of the object; establish some unique features in the object and description of the object. The evaluation is the second operation, the object is compared with others similar object in the society to arrive at the final judgement. The third analysis is the interrelationship of the object with the culture to derive a meaning of the object in the society (Hammer & Swaffar, 2012). The final operation is the

The big brother Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The big brother - Essay Example We had realized this basic fact even centuries ago. An authority to rule and regularize is a must for the very survival of a society. All the systems which do not own such a surveillance arrangement will get only history of failure. Either other forces win over them or they perish by themselves. Realizing the unavoidable role of an administrative authority, we are pursuing the search for finding good models. Many options are developed, but still difficult to point out a perfect one. Developing new models, facing problems when they are attempted practically, trying for other forms- this set of activities is a continuing process. It is not sure whether we can reach a completely foolproof system. Anyway the necessity of administrative systems makes it relevant to continue with the discussions and studies on this topic. Different administrative systems are having different features. On common points different systems may have contradictory approaches also. There will be people to support both the approaches. So it is difficult to rate administrative systems and differentiate as good or bad. The only thing one can do is to compare and explain merits and demerits of each and all systems. We can name enough administrative forms like democracy, imperialism and autocracy. But when we start discussing about one particular system it is quite sure to think about other systems also. Of course, in such thoughts and discussions some terms also will be so common. Big Brother is one among the very important and popular term in these sorts of studies. For so long the term is in use among students of administrative systems. The term Big Brother was used first by George Orwell in his novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. (books.google.co.in/bookshl=en&id=yxv1LK5gyV4C&dq=big+brother&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=ol68A61VMb&sig=yu_lbdDeMTS6kHyAZDugrC6KE6M&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=3&ct=result#PPA1,M1). Big Brother is being presented as the all powerful dictator of Oceania state. Oceania is a totalitarian state where the ruling party is all important and superior to all other power centers and individuals of the state. It is observed that everybody is under the surveillance of Big Brother all the time. Even a phrase "Big Brother is watching you" developed as an after effect. It is not clear from the novel whether Big Brother was a real man or not. But the Party presents Big Brother as a real leader and one important one among the founder leaders of it. He is considered to be the leader of revolution also. O'Brien, a character in the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four explains the cause which led to the development of Big Brother concept. According to O'Brien the aim of the Party is to gain power. It is not planning to create a heaven on earth. But need power only. The Party after capturing power is bothered only of remaining power, says O'Brien. To capture power they are thinking of bringing changes in the mindset of people. Make them stay off from enjoyments in life and Party believes that through this society also will undergo a change which will be favorable to the Party. If it is possible to bring this change in the society, the Party leaders hope that they capture power. Such a society will not have any good qualities like mercy or love. It will be a society with no space for art, literature or even science. Absence of such areas will give birth to such a situation in which people won't be having much topics other than party to think of.

The Guardian but left out of the Mirror Essay Example for Free

The Guardian but left out of the Mirror Essay The Guardian has really included as much information as it can on this story. The content is detailed and more involved than that which is in the Mirror, so that the reader gets a clearer and broader view of what is going on. There is now a debate over whether it [a draft of the weapons report] should be released to the Congress over the next fortnight, as has been widely expected, is an example of a fact which has been included in the Guardian but left out of the Mirror. If all you need to know is that the government have failed to find any weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, then you only need to read the Mirror which outlines all the major aspects of the story in an accessible manner. But if you are very interested or involved with the matter of the war in Iraq, then the Guardian is more informative. Both reports are generally geared towards a disapproving or mocking feeling towards the British and American governments because of the claims that they have made and not been able to back up. The Mirror is less strong about this, but they both imply that Tony Blair has been given a run for his money over the question of whether we went to war with Iraq on false assumptions, which it now appears the government were just using as an excuse to back up their actions. The Guardian uses a quote from David Albright, a former UN weapons inspector Its clear that the US and British governments wildly exaggerated the case for going to war Im not surprised, given how incompetent this search has been. Theyve had bad relations with the [Iraqi] scientists from the start because they treated them all as criminals. Because the article in the Mirror is shorter and contains less information, there are fewer quotes or facts which make the report seem biased. The political opinion of the paper is less obvious in the text. Apart from the WMD-Ometer joke, which is lightly fun-poking rather than politically expressive, the article is only mildly opinionated and generally just gives the reader the necessary facts. It would appear that the reporter was writing for a paper which did not have a very strong political view on the matter and did not want to force an opinion onto its readers either, expect for the inevitable general feeling of disappointment and irony. The Mirror does not expect its readers to formulate political and philosophical arguments and opinions by reading the article. They want to give the reader basic facts and concentrate more on the emotional and funny side of things. Political bias in the Guardian is present but subtle, so that it does not appear to be brainwashing its audience but merely informing them from a certain angle. It is now very easy to see how different newspapers handle their stories differently according to the readership at which they are aiming. While some people want to be able to pick up a cheap, attention grabbing newspaper for an easy read, lots of light human interest stories and minimal heavy news, some people prefer a paper which goes into more detail about the more controversial issues in the news and doesnt bother with gossipy, irrelevant stories. Of course it also depends on your mood, and when and where you are going to be reading the paper. People usually prefer to have broadsheet papers like the Guardian delivered to them or to buy it from a local shop, so that they can sit and read it at home over a meal or when they have nothing else to do. Smaller more accessible newspapers like the Mirror are more suitable for reading on the move or early in the morning on the way to work or school while you are really not in a mood for mind-consuming activities such as reading a difficult and in-depth article. The Metro, a free tabloid paper available every morning from any London Underground station, is a perfect example of this. It is mass produced every day and issued out for free, so it is made sure that the Metro is readable for absolutely anyone who is travelling on the Underground and has nothing else to read. It is also provided as a way to occupy the travellers so that they dont have to look at each other, as social harmony on the Tube is not exactly very comfortable. The Guardian is more expensive so you would only really buy it if you were intending to read all or most of it, whereas with the cheaper tabloid papers you can flick through them as a way of occupying yourself when you have nothing better to do, and you want quick impact for less time, money and concentration. Information in the larger, more expensive papers is more thorough, but slowly assimilated. Tabloids tend to contain more supposition and exaggeration to make the story seem more extreme and therefore more exciting for the reader. Language is fairly simple but expressive verbs are used to make the events seem more real. Usually tabloids focus more on the human element of their stories, in order to draw emotions from the reader and keep them interested. Although the language used and the structure and presentation of broadsheet newspapers seems to be aimed at more intelligent people and vice versa, it probably isnt entirely fair or accurate to say that more intelligent people read the Guardian and stupid, dumb people read the Mirror. Obviously this is true in a lot of cases, but the two papers are written for different purposes and occasions, and not necessarily just for different types of people. You will find that a lot of very intelligent people read tabloids for convenience and enjoyment, and similarly some less intelligent people who do not especially enjoy reading will read a broadsheet if there is an issue going on which they are particularly concerned with and want to follow in more depth. Also, although (we trust that) facts in newspapers are accurate, and quotations and statistics are genuine the ways in which they are dealt with depend very much on the newspapers own viewpoint. Especially with broadsheet papers, each one tends to support a certain political party, and the angles that they take on their stories are biased towards this. Papers cannot be objective, even if they try to be, because all the articles are written and put together by people, who have their own feelings and opinions about whatever they are writing about. People who buy newspapers regularly get into the habit of reading the one whose attitude is most similar to their own. This is why there is sometimes jokey controversy between readers of differently opinionated newspapers, and papers are stereotyped according to which political party they are biased towards. There are many different ways in which the media can convey news and entertainment to the public, and you can see this very clearly in the different types of newspapers and news articles that people write. Just like any other piece of writing, newspapers are not just written to inform; but to persuade, to entertain, to advertise, to advise, and, in varying degrees of subtlety, to instruct. It is very important to be able to consider carefully the type of newspaper you are reading from and be aware of how it is aiming to affect its readers.

Global Warming Essay -- Environment Global Warming Climate Change

Global Warming For the last 20 years or so the subject of global warming has spawned heated debate among the world’s brightest minds. Its causes and effects, if either actually exists, have been hotly debated. The most popular hypothesis is called the greenhouse effect with the agreed upon cause being green house gasses. These gasses are all naturally occurring and include water vapor, methane, oxygen, and the now infamous carbon dioxide. Greenhouse gasses exist in the atmosphere and have an effect on our global weather. They trap radiated heat and prevent it from exiting our atmosphere. This supposedly increases global temperatures and is, or will, cause melting of the polar ice caps. This in turn is expected to raise sea level and cause global coastal flooding. A brief geology lesson The world we live on is at least 4.6 billion years old. In that time span it has undergone immense changes. At one time most of the land surface was connected. The continents separated and migrated to their present positions. The force behind this is called plate tectonics. The sea floor is still spreading today and is the driving force for all of the earthquakes and volcanic activity that we experience today. Convection currents created by the tremendous heat and pressure of the inner core move the plates. This core is undergoing massive thermonuclear reactions. The heat produced migrates outward and the currents it produces move the plates. This process also releases enormous amounts of carbon dioxide and water vapor. This has been taking place since the Earth was formed. We know from geologic record that there have been numerous greenhouse and icehouse ages. The question is, is the greenhouse state caused by greenhouse gasses? Probably not, at least not entirely. There are several other factors involved - the most significant being the Milankovitch cycles. These are three cycles that describe the motion of the Earth through space. The first involves the Earth’s orbit around the sun. The orbit is not perfectly round, but elliptical. This means that at one point the Earth is closer to the sun than at other times. This cycle takes about 100,000 years to complete. The second cycle involves the tilt of the Earth’s axis. The Earth’s axis is currently tilted about 23.5 degrees. But this tilt is not constant. Throughout a period of about 40,000 years the tilt changes a f... ...een showing a downward trend since their peak in 1940. Satellite readings continue to show a decrease in temperature. They recorded 1997 as the coolest year since this technology has been implemented. This imagery was also accurate enough to predict â€Å"that â€Å"La Nina† would predominate in 1998, lowering global temperatures significantly"2. That same year Moscow recorded its coldest December in a century3. Conclusion This great world of ours has been around for a long time – at least 4.6 billion years. During that time untold and unimaginable changes have taken place. Countless icehouse and greenhouse ages have come and gone. Continents have been created, destroyed, and migrated over and over again. Thousands, perhaps millions, of species have come and gone. All this, and more, without any influence from man. In geologic terms we have been on this Earth for a very, very short time. The Earth evolves on a time scale that we cannot comprehend. It has developed a balance, a system of checks and balances, which we have little or no control over. To think that we can alter a global climate that has been 4.6 billion years in the making merely shows just how much we have yet to learn.