Free Essays on The Libertarian Party

The Libertarian Party is the best party for the United States of America. I chose this party because not only do they realize that long overdue changes need to be made to the government, they come prepared with logical solutions; logical solutions made after simple observations. For example, one big change the Libertarians feel is necessary is the ending of the prohibition of drugs. They came to this conclusion after a simple observation of when the US tried to make alcohol illegal in the 1920’s. The result was organized crime. Criminals had found an easy way to make money. But the money they made from liquor simply funded their need of guns and explosives to then rob banks and houses. The same problem exists today with marijuana, the most widespread drug. It simply pays for the cost of guns to commit more harmful crimes such as murder or grand larceny. Not only that, but the criminals can now afford to produce more dangerous drugs such as cocaine or heroine. Another good solution they have proposed is to end foreign aid. Recently there has been a lot of talk about leaving a huge deficit for the future generations. A large part of this deficit comes from the $14 billion the US spends on foreign aid every year, amounting in $400 billion since the end of World War II. Also it has been shown that foreign aid has historically slowed economic development and created dependence. The Libertarian Party has observed that â€Å"the U.S. Agency for International Development itself admits, ‘Only a handful of countries that started receiving U.S. assistance in the 1950s and 1960s have ever graduated from dependent status’†(www.lp.org). I did not choose the Republican or Democratic Party because they seemed to lack the ability to look at a part of government logically and decide that it needs to be completely changed or removed. They feel the only way to fix a problem is by pumping more money into it and taking away more of our liberties. I... Free Essays on The Libertarian Party Free Essays on The Libertarian Party The Libertarian Party is the best party for the United States of America. I chose this party because not only do they realize that long overdue changes need to be made to the government, they come prepared with logical solutions; logical solutions made after simple observations. For example, one big change the Libertarians feel is necessary is the ending of the prohibition of drugs. They came to this conclusion after a simple observation of when the US tried to make alcohol illegal in the 1920’s. The result was organized crime. Criminals had found an easy way to make money. But the money they made from liquor simply funded their need of guns and explosives to then rob banks and houses. The same problem exists today with marijuana, the most widespread drug. It simply pays for the cost of guns to commit more harmful crimes such as murder or grand larceny. Not only that, but the criminals can now afford to produce more dangerous drugs such as cocaine or heroine. Another good solution they have proposed is to end foreign aid. Recently there has been a lot of talk about leaving a huge deficit for the future generations. A large part of this deficit comes from the $14 billion the US spends on foreign aid every year, amounting in $400 billion since the end of World War II. Also it has been shown that foreign aid has historically slowed economic development and created dependence. The Libertarian Party has observed that â€Å"the U.S. Agency for International Development itself admits, ‘Only a handful of countries that started receiving U.S. assistance in the 1950s and 1960s have ever graduated from dependent status’†(www.lp.org). I did not choose the Republican or Democratic Party because they seemed to lack the ability to look at a part of government logically and decide that it needs to be completely changed or removed. They feel the only way to fix a problem is by pumping more money into it and taking away more of our liberties. I...

Negative Impacts of Sexism Portrayed in Advertisements Essays

Negative Impacts of Sexism Portrayed in Advertisements Essays Negative Impacts of Sexism Portrayed in Advertisements Essay Negative Impacts of Sexism Portrayed in Advertisements Essay Essay Topic: The Second Sex Negative Impacts of Sexism Portrayed in Advertisements Name: Course: Institution: Tutor: Date: Negative Impacts of Sexism Portrayed in Advertisements Introduction Jean Kilbourne discusses the role and impact of various advertisements in the article Two Ways a Woman Can Get Hurt. She looks at the various ways through which advertisements for different products portray sexism, gender disparity and male violence. She notes how the advertisers use images and words to encourage male violence. She discusses how women have been objectified in the ads, and how the men are seen as superior. The advertisers are interested in making sales rather than the impact the ads have on the society. Kilbourne’s essay properly depicts the negative impacts of advertisements on women in the fashion (clothes) industry. Discussion According to Colombo et al. (2007), young girls are affected by these ads, whether they are the ones in the advertisements or watching them. The ad by the American apparel in the year 2009, a young girl was posted scarcely dress as she advertised a Flex Fleece zip hoody. In a sequence of six photos, she only has the hoody covering the top side of her body and underwear on her lower part. In the first photo, the hoody is fully zipped up to the upper chest. In the second photo, the hoody is half-zipped and her part of her cleavage is visible. In the third photo, the photo has been shot from the side so her thighs are fully exposed but her upper body part is covered by the hood. In the forth, fifth and sixth photos, the the hood is completely open and her breasts are exposed. In the sixth photo, especially, her nipples are almost exposed. This advertisement was banned because of the alleged age of the model. The girl looks as though she is under the age of 16 and thus not suitable for such commercial ads. She portrays a negative image of the girls and to the younger girls. Why did the advertisers have to make her wear nothing else apart from the underwear and the hoody? Did she have to wear the hoody without a bra or a top inside? The attention will be drawn to the girls body and not on the hoody as intended. By looking at the advertisement, a couple of messages are passed across. Clothes are worn for sexual appeal and not just for the simple aim of covering the naked body, keeping warm or looking smart. It is as if the advertisers are encouraging the young girls towear the hoody in order to look more sexy. To top it up, unzipped hoodys make one look sexier than zipped ones. This is in regard to the number of photos portrayed of the girl wearing the unzipped hoody thus exposing her body. Kilbourne insists that women and men are encouraged to execute certain things or act in a given way. This is proved true by this picture, the message being passed across at first glance is that the person should wear the hoody for sexual attraction. Such a hoody can be worn with other clothes. In fact, most girls will wear this hoody with another top inside. The extremists will wear a bra inside and then zip it up. In using the young looking model, the advertisement depicts that young girls can only look good when they expose their body as much as they can, even when watering a hood. In an another ad done by Calvin Klein fashion house in advertising jeans, the models depict a violent and a sexual scene. The ad has three men and one woman (Lara Stone). Two of the men are only wearing jeans with nothing else on top and the third man is wearing a shirt. Lara Stone is wearing something that looks like a dress or a too that has been pulled up to her bust so that her body is exposed. Her head is laid on one of the men’s laps. This man is holding her head. The other man has her jeans unbuttoned and ready to lie on Stone. The third man wearing a shirt is seated on the ground and seems destructed from the on-going scenario. By the look of the woman (Stone), she does not seem to be bothered by what is about to take place. She seems to portray a sensual face. The billboards with this ad were taken down and the ad banned because it depicted sexual violence to women. The woman is used as a sexual and vulnerable subject in this advertisement. She is not only vulnerable to one man but to many men. Kilbourne insists that women are encouraged to give in to a man’s desires when buying a particular product. The message being passed across in this ad is that men can have their way with no objection from the woman, after buying the jeans from Calvin Klein. By showing that the woman has given in to the men’s demands, the ad implies that women can simply give in because of material things. The ad shows as if the woman is about to get intimate with three men. This is extreme sexual negativity on the women. Kilbourne also establishes that men tend to be possessive and aggressive towards the women. This is greatly seen in this ad. The men want to be intimate with the woman at the same turn and in the same place. Although it is true that there are men who fantasize about a woman at the same place, very few men are willing to get intimate in the presence of other men. In another advertisement done by Dolce and Gabbana in the year 2006, violence and nudity were depicted. The ad, portraying men’s wear in the 18th century, features six men and one woman. The men’s suites and hair portray the dangerous liaisons-style of this period. The woman wearing boots is completely naked. One of the six men is lying on the ground with blood oozing from his forehead to portray a gunshot. Two of the men are holding knives the other two seated, (one of them wearing a mask) and the last man is holding a gun on one hand and a naked woman on the other hand. The six men are decently dressed but the woman is naked thus leans on the man to hide her burst and her pubic area. Kilbourne has further noted that some advertisements pass on subliminal messages to the public. This advertisement proves this statement true. Why is the woman naked while all the others are decently dressed? This question pops within the first few minutes of looking at the ad. The woman is depicted as a sexual being to the men. The ad was meant to advertisement men’s clothes. It is as if the woman was featured in order to make the ad have more ratings. The men are also featured as violent. However, due to their clothes, the women overlook their violent nature and thus sexually attracted to them. In another perspective, their clothes make their violent nature attractive to the woman. In a third perspective, women are generally attracted to violence. All these angles of the ad can be perceived by the audience. The message passed on to the audience by this ad is that a woman’s attraction to violence is sexy. Her sexuality is a men’s pleaser and there is nothing wrong with it. It also portrays that the exposure of a woman’s nudity to the public is appealing and not embarrassing. It even calms violent men. Conclusion Colombo et al. (2007) point out that the impact of advertisements on the society cannot be ignored. Kilbourne has also put it clear that both woman and men are portrayed in certain ways in most of the advertisements. In the three examples of ads given above, this statement by Kilbourne has been proved right. Above all, the women seem too be on the wrong receiving end. The three ads have portrayed women as sexual subjects in the fashion industry. It is as if wearing clothes that cover much of the body is no longer sexy or fashionable. The fashion industry has used feminism to uplift the man’s ego when wearing particular clothes. The women are used to show that they are vulnerable and without defense when these wear these clothes. The men are portrayed as very attractive, their weaknesses covered and their will fulfilled when wearing these clothes. It is up to the audience to decide how they wish the advertisements to portray both men and women. If the society takes the necessary action, the advertisers will do something about it. Examples of the Advertisements Example 1 debonairmag.com/the-most-controversial-ads-fashion-history-part-two/9 Example 2 fashionist.ca/2010/11/controversial-advertisements-violence-in-fashion-ads.html Example 3 fashionist.ca/2010/11/controversial-advertisements-violence-in-fashion-ads.html References American Apparel, (2009). FlexFleece. Retrieved From debonairmag.com/the-most-controversial-ads-fashion-history-part-two/9 Calvin Klein, (2010). Calvin Klein Jeans. Retrrieved From fashionist.ca/2010/11/controversial-advertisements-violence-in-fashion-ads.html Colombo G., Cullen, R., Lisle, B. (2007). Rereading America: Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s Dolce Gabbana, (2006). Dangerous Liaisons Style. Retrieved From fashionist.ca/2010/11/controversial-advertisements-violence-in-fashion-ads.html Kilbourne, J. (2008). â€Å"Two Ways a Woman Can Get Hurt†. True Women and Real Men :418-431.

Reducing the lifecycle cost of oil and gas facility by use of Essay

Reducing the lifecycle cost of oil and gas facility by use of simulation - Essay Example During operations, oil and gas industries incur lifecycle costs that affects their production capacity and cost of production. Lifecycle costs include recurring and other nonrecurring costs incurred by a company during a certain operational period. Oil and gas companies incur lifecycle cost through installation of new facilities, maintenance, and upgrading of the existing facilities. Facilities in the companies have definite life span and therefore the companies experience an additional when closing them down With these costs to consider, the companies are concerned with the possible alternatives to cut or reduce the effects of the lifespan cost. In order to eliminate or minimize lifecycle cost, oil companies rely on planning making simulations a useful tool. Simulations are models applied by the companies to determine the viability of a facility before its inception (Gorski, 2006). This paper therefore analyzes the benefits achieved from application of simulations in the reduction o f lifecycle cost in oil and gas companies. Some of the ways in which simulation is applied to reduce lifecycle cost Evaluation and comparison of different approaches for replacement Evaluation and comparison of alternative strategies for product use Evaluation and comparison of different designs Optimal allocation of available funds of activities in the process of product development During their lifespan, most companies are confronted with situations where they need to make important decisions on whether to close down a facility or to change a business strategy. In such situations, the companies experience lifecycle costs that affect their production. Such companies can apply simulation models to determine whether they need to close down the existing facility or they need to improve its efficiency. Using simulations the managers of the affected companies can determine whether they need to adopt a new business, strategy or to modify the existing strategy to fit their operations. Sec ondly oil and gas companies continuously retire old facilities as they install new facilities, these processes costs the company a lot of money and therefore the companies need to make appropriate decision. Simulations come in as the most appropriate tool that the companies need apply when making strategic management and operational decisions. Using simulation models strategic managers of a company are able to evaluate benefits from alternative decisions. With simulation models, managers can determine decisions and solutions that best fits their companies. Simulations therefore enable the companies to reduce uncertainty when making important decision that concerns their operation. Companies in the oil and gas industry always have new projects intended to improve their operations and facilities. The new facilities rely heavily on designs and therefore the companies are always on the lookout for the most appropriate design. The companies need to evaluate the suitability of these desig ns before choosing the most appropriate design (Petra, 2004). Using simulation models, companies can determine the most appropriate design from the possible choices. The companies also need to choose the most efficient design from the available possibilities; this requires data analysis and projections that cannot be achieved without the real facility. However, with simulations strategic managers of the companies are able to determine and evaluate the efficiency of such models through an analysis simulation models data (Lanner, 2008). Before launching a new product into the market or initiating a project, oil and gas companies need to evaluate their economic viability. In this process, simulation models stands out as the most appropriate tool for application. Using the models, companies are able to predict the market’s response towards a new product. Companies such as Shell Company use ADENT simulation techniques to evaluate the viability of its new products in potential mark ets. The tool is

Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 11

Argument - Essay Example ts: one from the USA Today (Australian gun control holds lessons for U.S.) and the other published online in Denver Post (Gun rights and gun control arent necessarily exclusive). The discourse would present a separate examination of each article’s arguments including supporting contentions. A concluding portion would then assess which editorial was deemed most effective. The editorial article entitled â€Å"Australian gun control holds lessons for U.S.† published online in the USA Today on December 18, 2012 proffered issues that apparently compared the measures taken by Australia in terms of gun control. As an editorial article, the author comes from the Editorial Board, but was not specifically identified. The article’s main thesis was despite sharing similarities between the United States and Australia in terms of having previously experienced violent deaths due to indiscriminate firing of guns, Australia’s gun control policy which was enforced after a 1996 shooting eventually solved the dilemma. According to the discourse, Australian law on gun control necessitated categorizing firearms into five distinct classifications, where â€Å"some of the deadliest assault-style weapons and large ammunition clips are now all but impossible for individuals to lawfully own. (Further), firearms are subject to a strict permitting process, and dealers are required to record sales, which are tracked by the national and territorial governments†¦ (In addition,) the law encouraged people to sell their firearms back to the government, which purchased and destroyed about 700,000 of them† (Australian gun control holds lessons for U.S. pars. 4 & 5). Due to the passing of this law, the report disclosed that evident result was no violent gun-related incidents ever occurred. The author used logical arguments through the support of evidential historical records and citing credible findings that apparently revealed the effectiveness of gun control through the law enforced by

Food Predicament Essay Example for Free

Food Predicament Essay 1. List three factors largely responsible for the significant increase in North American food production since the end of World War II. a. Population Growth b. Rising personal income 2. Describe the trends in world food production vis-a-vis population growth from 1950 to the present. There is more people to supply food than before. 3. To what extent does expanding the amount of land under cultivation offer hope for significantly increasing world food supply? Why? To permit unproductive lands to be farmed, making it possible to raise two to three crops a year on the same land. 4. List four reasons for the loss of currently productive agricultural land. a. erosion b. desertification c. salinization d. water-logging 5. What factors make it unlikely that ocean fish harvests can be increased substantially above present levels? Large predator fish, overexploitation by industrial fishing fleets has reduced stocks of some species. 6. List several changes in food-handling practices that poor countries could implement to prevent loss of harvested crops. Store grains in bins that may not be easily penetrated, have good refrigeration and have reliable transport for the food. 7. To what extent can eating lower on the food chain help to solve problems of world hunger? It will help until the population grows more and going vegetarian would not be possible. 8. Why are a number of relatively affluent countries purchasing farmland in other nations? What are the advantages and disadvantages of such purchases for the host country? Because of the productive soil their food will grow much better in each different region. Some advantages might be that they will have that food available for the consumers and some disadvantages might be that there is a climate change and loose the crop. B. Match the following deficiency diseases with the nutritional factor (shown below the table) whose absence provoked these conditions (you can use the factor or corresponding letter (a, b, .): 1. childhood blindness 2. marasmus 3. anemia 4. kwashiorkor 5. mental retardation 6. pellagra 7. scurvy 8. rickets 9. beri-beri a. protein b. fiber c. vitamin A d. vitamin Bl (thiamine) e. vitamin C f. vitamin D g. vitamin E h. niacin i. iodine j. iron k. overall calorie/protein shortage C. True/False. Indicate T or F in the space before each numbered question. If the statement is false, revise it below in the box provided to make a correct statement; focus your response on the words in bold. 1. As incomes rise, food demand increases because more affluent people eat larger quantities of food. 2. It is estimated that approximately a billion people in the world today are undernourished. 3.Within families in poor societies, adolescent boys are the most likely to suffer from malnutrition. 4. Overpopulation is the major cause of chronic hunger problems in the developing world. 5. In societies where hunger is widespread, the rate of malnutrition among children and women is much higher than it is among men. 6. Malnutrition is most harmful when it occurs among children under 5. 7. The damaging effects of childhood malnutrition are reversible if the child receives an adequate diet when he/she becomes older. 8. Malnourished women are likely to give birth to underweight babies and to produce poor quality breast milk. 9. Marasmus is responsible for more childhood deaths in developing countries than any other single cause. 10. The most common nutritional deficiency disease worldwide is kwashiorkor. 11. A swollen belly, discoloration of the hair and skin, and stunted physical development are all classic symptoms of overall protein/calorie deprivation. 12. The worlds single most important cause of preventable brain damage and mental retardation is Vitamin A deficiency. 13. Aquaculrure offers greater hope for increasing the worlds fish harvest than does intensifying efforts in ocean fishing. 14. World livestock production, which rose steadily from 1950-1990, has subsequently leveled off because of falling market demand for meat. 15. Anemia is a leading cause of high female mortality rates and problem pregnancies in many poor countries. 16. Aquaculture supplies almost all of the tuna fish found in American supermarkets. 17. Biotechnology can help reduce farmers reliance on chemical fertilizers and pesticides and may make it possible to cultivate lands currently too dry or too saline for farming. 18. Among species commonly raised to supply animal protein for human consumption, fish are the most efficient energy converters, requiring just 2-3 pounds of feed to gain one pound of flesh. 19. In sub-Saharan Africa, grain production has remained stagnant at about one ton/ hectare since the early 1960s. 20. Significant increases in agricultural production achieved by technological breakthroughs such as the miracle grains or genetically modified crop and livestock varieties will ensure that all the worlds people enjoy an adequate diet.

Social and Economic Equality of African Americans in America Essay

Social and Economic Equality of African Americans in America The struggle for social and economic equality of Black people in America has been long and slow. It is sometimes amazing that any progress has been made in the racial equality arena at all; every tentative step forward seems to be diluted by losses elsewhere. For every "Stacey Koons" that is convicted, there seems to be a Texaco executive waiting to send Blacks back to the past. Throughout the struggle for equal rights, there have been courageous Black leaders at the forefront of each discrete movement. From early activists such as Frederick Douglass, Booker T. Washington, and W.E.B. DuBois, to 1960s civil rights leaders and radicals such as Martin Luther King, Malcolm X, and the Black Panthers, the progress that has been made toward full equality has resulted from the visionary leadership of these brave individuals. This does not imply, however, that there has ever been widespread agreement within the Black community on strategy or that the actions of prominent Black leaders have met with strong support from those who would benefit from these actions. This report will examine the influence of two "early era" Black activists: Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois. Through an analysis of the ideological differences between these two men, the writer will argue that, although they disagreed over the direction of the struggle for equality, the differences between these two men actually enhanced the status of Black Americans in the struggle for racial equality. We will look specifically at the events leading to and surrounding the "Atlanta Compromise" in 1895. In order to understand the differences in the philosophies of Washington and Dubois, it is useful to know something about their backgrounds. Booker T. Washington, born a slave in 1856 in Franklin County, Virginia, could be described as a pragmatist. He was only able to attend school three months out of the year, with the remaining nine months spent working in coal mines. He developed the idea of Blacks becoming skilled tradesmen as a useful stepping-stone toward respect by the white majority and eventual full equality. Washington worked his way through Hampton Institute and helped found the Tuskeegee Institute, a trade school for blacks. His essential strategy for the advancement of American Blacks was for them to achieve enha... ...ecame more mainstream, it became increasingly conservative, and this did not please DuBois, who left the organization in 1934. He returned later but was eventually shunned by Black leadership both inside and outside of the NAACP, especially after he voiced admiration for the USSR. In the political climate of the late 1940s and 1950s, any hint of a pro-communist attitude--black or white--was unwelcome in any group with a national political agenda. We can see, then, that neither Washington's strategy of appeasement nor DuBois's plan for an elite Black intelligentsia was to become wholly successful in elevating American Blacks to a position of equality. However, perhaps it was more than the leadership of any one Black man that encouraged African Americans to demand a full measure of social and economic equality. Perhaps the fact that there was a public dialogue in itself did more to encourage Black equality than the philosophy of any one prominent Black man. After all, concepts such as equality are exactly that: concepts. As such, it up to each of us to decide how we see ourselves in relation to others; superior or inferior, equal or not equal, the choice is ultimately our own.

Made or Born a Serial Killer

Lexis Munoz Professor Miller English 5B 23 April 2013 Are Serial Killers Born or Made? Psychologist John B. Watson expressed in his scientific studies of human behavior that emotion is learnt and as humans we are highly social creatures, and by integrating those two ideas it signifies how much we, as the human race, are influenced by others as well as with the environment causing our behavior to be similar to the ones around us. A study conducted by American psychologist Albert Bandura in 1961 called the Bobo Doll experiment in which Bandura studied on small children between the ages of three and five.Each child was placed in a room with an adult and multiple toys including a bobo doll which is an inflated doll, soon after the adult would then hit, kick, and scream at the doll. Bandura used his theory of social learning to â€Å"stress the importance of observational learning, imitating, and modeling. † During the experiment the adult later would leave the room while the child would remain there. Bandura continued observing what the child did to the doll after seeing how the adult treated it and of course the child did exactly what the adult did; imitating everything from what the adult used to hit the doll with, the kicking, and the hitting.Humans cannot control their behavior because it is learned along with the emotions that come with it. Children that are brought up in an unloving, abusive, and neglected environment are later on in their adulthood emotionally scared for life and can soon become psychopathic serial killers at an extremely young age as four or even five. In an interview with a young child named BethThomas this little girl talked about her background of abuse and molestation. Her mothers death lead to the horrific abuse her and her younger 3 month year old brother at the time in the hands of their father.The abuse and molestation happened at a very young age but still stuck with her as she got older. While growing up her and her brother were sent to child services but were welcomed into a loving family that had no idea of their past. As time went by their adopted parent started realizing things were not right with little Beth. She killed and abused multiple animals as well as hurting her brother by hitting him and squeezing his private parts. Beth also hit her brother’s head on a cement floor until her adopted mother heard his screams and she even confessed to wanting to kill him.She took knifes from the kitchen and said in the interview that she wanted to use them to stab her parents when they were asleep. Abuse and molestation caused so many problems in her future but she got therapy and was placed in a controlled environment and is seemed to have turned out a better person, but because of her unfortunate past, no onecan ever know if she will kill or snap at any moment. In all Beth was put through a traumatic childhood that will always be with her due to the violence she experienced.Due to her experiences as a child she has psychological problems and hardly has a conscious which many children go through as growing up but in comparison to Beth’s case they do not always get the psychological help they need causing them to remain violent as Beth would have if she did not get treated as soon as she did. Child abused in the United States happens every thirteen second. Serial killers are not born they are made. Psychopaths grow up in harsh and unlivable environments and sometimes in inhabitable places as well.For example in the book a Child called it, there was a boy who was abused, neglected, unfed, unloved, and so on. Though he did not turn out to be a serial killer children like Albert DeSalvo who was raised in an abusive home and whose father often brought home prostitutes and taught him how to shoplift. Further more, some may say when nature versus nurture is in comparison with whether or not serial killers are made or born that they are born into a killing machine. For exampl e Andrei Chikatilo who is serial killer and also a cannibal was simply made into the monster he turned out to be.There was no abuse, neglects, or bad up bringing he had to endure. He had a normal life, went to school, and never experienced abused, but soon turned into a sexual predator and molester at a young age. Many people go on and on about we are who we are and we are born a certain way. One great example to prove this theory is the disease of cancer. Cancer is a disease some just get unexpectedly that is unpreventable basically. There are some ways to try to prevent it but honestly, there is just no way anyone can completely have the ability to prevent such a complex and difficult disease.Another judgment people may say is that there are multiple reasons and explanations for a serial killer to become into killers but it is not because of abuse, neglect, or ridiculous accusations like porn, but because they are born the way they are. It is all in their genetics many argue and t here is no way abuse is the cause for a serial killer to murder, rape, and molest, and so on. It is only correlation not a cause which means those are only factors and not solely the cause of a psychopath.

Media Ethics and behavior

With the most resent massacre at Virginia Tech the issue of media ethics has once again been brought into question.   This, I believe, is because of the need to understanding why or how this could happen.   Perhaps this understanding could prevent another violent incident from happening to our children and to our society and allow a certain type of closure in our grief. In researching the topic of journalistic ethics and its effects on behavior, I found three distinct concerns that related to the Virginia Tech massacre the first; does the media influence or encourage behavior? And if so, what steps is the media taking to understand this issue?   Is the media industry trying to create a plan to regulate how incidents of this nature are portrayed, or how they will be reported and in what context?   The second is on the issue of gun control; are United States laws on gun ownership not strict enough?   Do we need to get tougher?   Should we create more laws? And third is American society failing when dealing with mental health issues?   Is there enough studies being done or funding for mental health issues?   It should also be noted that in all the information on violent behavior everyone agrees that there is not one single indicator that will predict human behavior and that all avenues must be explored to fully understand human behavior which is very complex. In the United States children and young adults are among the highest at risk for experiencing violent crimes and violence.   We can also claim that a large portion of our time is spent interacting in the world of media.   Some forms of media used by American adolescents have been found to be very violent and this is where the question of media’s effect on behavior comes in.   Shortly after the Virginia Tech incident a USA Today article told of a popular game called â€Å"Assassin†. This game is played on both college and high school campuses across America.   Police officers have been urging students, â€Å"to halt the games, which involve ambushing other players with sometimes realistic looking toy gun or other objects, after the Virginia Tech shooting last week that left 33 people dead†.   The local authorities did this as a preventive measurement for the safety of the kids playing as well as others by mistaken intent (Welch). Serious crime by adolescents rose greatly in the late 1980s, and peaked in 1994. Since then juvenile crime has declined even faster than overall crime, and violent offenses by juveniles have fallen back to 1980s levels. In 2000, juveniles accounted for 17 percent of all violent crime arrests and 32 percent of all property crime arrests.   According to federal statistics juveniles account for only 9 percent of those arrested for murder, but make up one-quarter of all robbery arrests and 53 percent of all arson arrests. Since the number of Americans under the age of 18 is projected to increase, some juvenile justice experts argue the juvenile crime rate may increase as well (Public Agenda.org). But regardless of how the media reports on school killings, society needs to develop better ways of helping their children when viewing or in some cases experiencing violence.   Teaching individuals at a young age that violence in any form is not tolerated and work at understanding why young individuals see violence as a method for solving problems. The Society of Professional Journalists and the Associated Student Press joined together to discuss how school violence is to be covered.   The discussion was to try to see how to balance reporting the news with minimizing harm to students across the country.   If shooters get their â€Å"fifteen minutes of fame†, especially is they are dubbed as the heroic outlaw, then this opens the possible problems of increasingly more disenfranchised â€Å"nobodies† who may view violence as a way to become noticed. Reporters pressured to get the story and make it central on the nightly news may not be sensitive to the effects of their coverage in the larger scheme of things (Fitzgerald and Mitchell).   Members of the Society of Professional Journalists believe that public enlightenment is the important to justice and the foundation of democracy. The organization also believes that the duty of the journalist is to further those ends by seeking truth and providing a fair and comprehensive account of events and issues. They believe that all journalists from all media and specialties strive to serve the public with thoroughness and honesty. They go on to say that professional integrity is the cornerstone of a journalist's credibility. Members of the Society share a dedication to ethical behavior and adopt this code to declare the Society's principles and standards of practice (www.spj.org). This organization, Society for Professional Journalism, believes that ethical journalists treat sources, subjects and colleagues as human beings deserving of respect. Journalists should show compassion for those who may be affected adversely by news coverage. Use special sensitivity when dealing with children and inexperienced sources or subjects.   They must be sensitive when seeking or using interviews or photographs of those affected by tragedy and recognize that gathering and reporting information may cause harm or discomfort. Pursuit of the news is not a license for arrogance. Recognize that private people have a greater right to control information about themselves than do public officials and others who seek power, influence or attention. Only an overriding public need can justify intrusion into anyone’s privacy. Journalist must show good taste, avoid pandering to lurid curiosity, be cautious about identifying juvenile suspects or victims of sex crimes, be judicious about naming criminal suspects before the formal filing of charges and balance a criminal suspect’s fair trial rights with the public’s right to be informed. Journalists should also â€Å"avoid conflicts of interest, real or perceived, remain free of associations and activities that may compromise integrity or damage credibility, refuse gifts, favors, fees, free travel and special treatment, and shun secondary employment, political involvement, public office and service in community organizations if they compromise journalistic integrity.   Journalist should disclose unavoidable conflicts, be vigilant and courageous about holding those with power accountable, deny favored treatment to advertisers and special interests and resist their pressure to influence news coverage and be wary of sources offering information for favors or money; avoid bidding for news† (www.spj.org). The meeting produced many ideals to help reporters and the public when dealing with violence and kids. As juvenile crime increased in the 1990s, nearly every state passed laws making it easier to prosecute juveniles in adult courts for serious offenses. Supporters say many juveniles are hardened criminals despite their youth, and maybe it’s not appropriate to handle serious crimes like murder and rape in the juvenile justice system. Critics say juveniles tried as adults will not get any of the counseling and rehabilitation services that might prevent them from committing more crimes. In surveys, most Americans endorse trying some juveniles as adults, but they also believe rehabilitation programs can be effective. Student journalists hope to educate the professionals about how to deal with people their age and how to be more aware of their concerns.   In turn, the professionals can guide students in how best to cover stories. The theory is that student journalists can get kids to talk without pressuring them or invading their privacy the way many journalists from out of town have done.   Yet working together with the professionals can help them through the process and through the trauma.   It may also be the case that student journalists can get through to other students in ways that adults can't, because students will more willing to read something about violence written by another student. â€Å"We want to read it from the point of view of someone who knows what we're experiencing,† said one student. Professional reporters come in, get the story, and leave, kids at a school where violence has occurred can continue to cover the story in a long-range manner, and with more breadth and depth.   â€Å"Kids know there is more depth,† said Laura Schaub, of the Oklahoma Inter-Scholastic Press Association, â€Å"but they can use professional assistance conceptualizing how to get it into the paper† (www.spj.org). In more resent weeks NBC news has been under fire for the way it handled the pictures and writings of the student who killed 32 people at Virginia Tech.   NBC announced that it would limit its use of images to â€Å"no more than 10 percent of airtime†.   Steve Capus, the president of NBC News, strongly defended the network’s decision to broadcast the material.   Families of some of the victims, some law enforcement officials and executives from competing television news organizations have accused NBC of being insensitive or exploitative in the way it presented the materials on the air. (Carter). In a study from the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control I found that there were 173 incidents between July 1, 1994 and June 30, 1998. The majorities of these incidents were homicides involving the use of firearms. The total number of incidents did decrease steadily since the 1992-1993 school year. But the total number of multiple victim events appears to have increased. During August 1995 through June 1998, there were an average of five multiple victims events per year. This is compared to an average of one multiple victim event per year in the three years from August 1992 through July 1995. While the total number of events of school associated violent deaths have decreased, the total number of multiple-victim events appears to have increased (2007). In a study by the Center for Disease Control named Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) is a school-based survey designed to produce a nationally representative sample of risk behaviors among students in grades 9-12. This study was completed in 1997 and reported that 18.3% of high school students carried a weapons weather it was a gun, knife, or club during the 30 days preceding the survey, down from 26.1% in 1991. The survey also found that 5.9% of high school students carried a gun during the 30 days preceding the survey, 8.5% of high school students carried a weapon on school property during the 30 days preceding the survey and that 7.4% of high school students were threatened or injured with a weapon on school property during the 12 months preceding the survey. Nationwide, 4% of students had missed 1 or more days of school during the 30 days preceding the survey because they had felt unsafe at school or when traveling to or from school. The prevalence of weapon carrying on school property on 1 or more of the 30 days preceding the survey was 8.5% nationwide. Overall, male students (12.5%) were significantly more likely than female students (3.7%) to have carried a weapon on school property (www.cdc.gov). Research has demonstrated that exposure to both real life and media violence is associated with increased hostility and aggressive behavior and decreased empathy. However, not all adolescents will be affected by violence exposure in the same way. Those who are exposed to personal and community violence, or who have a predisposition to aggressive behavior, may be more at risk for the negative effects of violence exposure. The study explored the effects of real life and media violence exposure on two populations, 216 high school students (109 girls) and 96 adolescents (13 girls) detained in a juvenile detention center. Participants completed seven self-report instruments measuring exposure to real life and media violence, psychopathology, hostile attributions, aggression, empathy, and social desirability. Due to the differences in the samples, results were analyzed separately (Greene). Consistent with the hypotheses and the General Aggression Model, real life and media violence exposure was significantly associated with and significantly predicted increased aggression, increased hostile attributions, and decreased empathy for the high school student sample. Additionally, psychopathology was a significant mediating variable for the relationship between real life violence and aggression. For the detained adolescents, exposure to real life violence was positively associated with aggression and psychopathology, but was not significantly associated with hostile attributions or empathy. Media violence was not associated with aggression, hostile attributions, or empathy. But these results were not consistent with the hypotheses and may reflect desensitization processes or differences in aggressive practices among this high risk sample. Results of this study suggest the need for further work in the areas of prevention and interventions for violence-exposed adolescents in order to reduce negative outcomes. Additionally, future research may wish to focus more attention on high risk individuals to better understand the process through which these adolescents react to violence exposure (Anderson, Berkowitz, Donnerstein, Huesmann, Johnson, Linz, Malamouth and Wartella). Gun control is also part of this discussion.   This was the first topic brought out when the incident at Virginia Tech. was first reported.   The world news made this the center for attention.   Media placed blame for the cause in America on the topic of gun control and placed media’s involvement on the back burner.   New York mayor, Michael Bloomber stated to Newsweek, â€Å"the conversation about guns needs to move beyond the extremes of Second Amendment purity and liberal utopianism. Much of the rest of the world manages to control gun violence better than we do; this is one case where American exceptionalism is nothing to be proud of† (May 4, 2007).   But we shouldn’t forget that blame first should be put on the young man who actually did the killings and secondary blame can then be divided up equally between all other factors involved. General Public in America believes that for the most part other preventive measures are better than owning or carrying a gun.   On the web site Public agenda they conducted a survey on the general population and found that only about 21% believe that guns are useful in preventing crimes.   Most Americans say that tougher laws and punishment would be a better deterrent for crime.   They also found that a majority of Americans feel that school violence is not a serious problem in their schools and in general they feel safe.   They all admit that their community could still be susceptible to an incident like at Virginia Tech. (www.publicagenda.org). Another point the media and the public brought out was the responsibility of helping individuals with possible mental health issues that might have caused someone like Cho Seung-Hui, the killer from Virginia Tech., to behave or react as he did.   In an article in Newsweek dated April 30th, 2007 they looked into the failure of the system and the general population as to seeing the signs, â€Å"Cho had apparently dropped through the cracks of the university bureaucracy. Earlier run-ins weren’t in his records† (31). We need to encourage students who hear one of their friends make a threat to take it seriously, even if they don't believe that person would ever really so it. Look at the problem of bullying by peers in schools is another even though it may never be stopped, but listening to kids that are experiencing the bullying along with the kids bullying might help.   In doing this research I found that media isn’t the only factor in possibly making what has been happening in America worse. But to me it is clear there was an influence.   In an article written by Evan Thomas he did write about Cho Seung-Hui’s video and said he, â€Å"pays homage to â€Å"Eric and Dylan† the two videogame-addled teenagers who killed 13 students at Columbine High School in 1999† (24).   In my opinion this does show a connection between violence and the media.   The Media industry really should acknowledge this fact instead of avoiding or defending their style of reporting.   Conscious efforts and discussion is vital in order to stop a growing trend in America when it comes to crime and violence. Works Cited Anderson, Craig A., Berkowitz, Leonard., Dommerstien, Edward., Huesmann, L.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rowell., Johnson, James D., Linz, Danniel., Malamouth, Neil M., and Wartella,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ellen.   â€Å"The Influence of Media Violence on Youth†.   Psychological Science in   Ã‚  Ã‚   the Public Interest.   December 2003. V. 4. Issue 3.   p. 81-118. 30p. Center for Disease Control.   Fitzgerald, Mark, and Mitchell, Grey., Eds.   Society of Professional Journalists.   Retrieved May 3, 2007.   Greene, Kathern. â€Å"Predicting Exposure to and Linking of Media Violence: A uses and    Gratification Approach†.   Communication Studies, March 2005.   V. 56, Issue 1,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   p.71-93. 23p. Meacham, J. â€Å"The Editor’s Desk†.   Newsweek.   April 30, 2007.   p.4,4 National Center for Injury Prevention of Enterprise Communication Media Relation,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   April 21, 1999. Retrieved May 3, 2007.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Public Agenda. Retrieved May 2, 2007.    Savage, Joanne. â€Å"Does Viewing Violent Media Really Cause Criminal Violence? A   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Methodological Review†.   Aggression and Violent Behavior.   November 2004. V.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   10, Issue 1, p. 99-128. 30p. Thomas, Evan.   â€Å"Making of a Massacre†.   Newsweek.   April 20, 2007.   p. 22-31 Welch, W.   â€Å"Students Urged to Stop Playing â€Å"Assassin† Game†.   USA Today. May 4,    2007.   Section: News. P. 3A   

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