William Shakespeare s King Lear - 2234 Words

In the world of Shakespeare’s King Lear, the themes of justice and injustice pervade. Viewers are challenged by the dichotomy between man’s inherent goodness and man’s inherent evil. The concepts of justice and injustice are always rooted in the presumption of imbalances of some kind, and this is certainly the case in King Lear. It is littered with imbalances throughout, including the struggles between young and old, good and evil, rich and poor. The play can be seen as a series of trials eventually ending in what some may regard as justice and others may regard as grotesque nihilism (Snyder 3) at its finest. Whether or not there is any justice in the world of King Lear leads to the question of divine justice and its role in the play.†¦show more content†¦The play begins with the first trial and ultimately the first injustice. King Lear’s arrogant, foolish plan is to divide his kingdom up amongst his three daughters while still retaining the comf orts and honor associated with being king. Instead of divvying his kingdom up equally between the sisters, Lear decides who will get which portion of the kingdom on the basis of who can display the most filial love for him. Tell me, my daughters, (Since now we will divest us both of rule, Interest of territory, cares of state) Which of you shall we say doth love us most That we our largest bounty may extend Where nature doth with merit challenge? (1.1.49-54) Goneril and Regan extravagantly oblige their father and shower him in praise and love, and in return each receive a third of the kingdom. When Cordelia is asked what she can say to convince her father she loves him the most and is deserving of a large portion of the kingdom, she simply replies with â€Å"Nothing, my Lord† (1.1.88). Cordelia refuses to participate in this absurd contest and recognizes that it is an inane, ridiculous request. â€Å"A sort of shameful reticence seems to ally with her refusal to accept a rhetorical competitive context, which, according to Cordelia, excludes the possibility of expressing true feelings. It therefore happens that Cordelia s inability or unwillingness to compete with

Strain Theory- An Explanation For Juvenile Delinquency...

Kasey Covington 22 October 2014 Prof. Joshua Wakeham I. Identifications 1. Strain Theory- An explanation for juvenile delinquency developed by Robert Merton in 1957. The Strain Theory focuses on the idea that Americans are expected to meet certain economic and social goals. Those who lack the means to carry out these goals turn to illegal ways to do so. Though this is true for many juveniles living below their means, the theory does not explain nonviolent crimes like white collar crimes. Also, many youth have opportunities but decline to take part in them. (Class notes 10/10 Slide 8) 2. Cognitive Behavioral Approach/Theory refers to the way that juveniles interpret the world around them. Problematic thinking leads to problematic behaviors. Having these thoughts eventually leads to a warped process of thinking ie. rationalization, minimization of harm, and severe victimization complex. (Class notes 10/10 Slide 15) 3. Classical School of Criminology- a just system of punishment for crimes coined by Ceasar Beccaria. Beccaria believed that humans acted on free will and commited crimes to satisfy their pleasure principle. This system was used to develop a fairer, more just and more effective system of criminal justice, but lacked in considering the age and cognitive clarity of juvenile offenders. (Shoemaker 2013: pp.62-63) 4. Broken Homes theory is one of the oldest, most popular explanations of delinquency. It refers to the broken family structure of juvenileShow MoreRelatedJuvenile Delinquency And Juvenile Crime Essay2267 Words   |  10 PagesJuvenile delinquency, as well as juvenile gangs are interesting and popular topic in the world of criminal justice. What criminological theories tie in with the problems of juvenile delinquency, juvenile gangs, and the reasons why juveniles do what they do? This paper explains the theories that tie in with the why, and how juveniles end up the way they do. Using the different theories explained in this paper you could hypothesize an explanation as to why the juvenile committed a crime or joinedRead MoreAnomie Strain/ Differential Opportunity Theory2566 Words   |  11 PagesContrast; Anomie Strain and Differential Opportunity Theories Introduction- This paper will cover Anomie Strain, and Differential Opportunity theory. This will be done by an overview and explanations of the two theories, and by comparing and contrasting the theories based on the explanations Robert Merton, Richard Cloward, and Lloyd Ohlin proposes. To begin, the question that inspired Robert Merton, Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin was to explore what was the cause and explanation of why delinquentsRead MoreThe Criminal Strain : Social Dynamics, And Relationships Between People And How They Were Affected By The Industrial2857 Words   |  12 PagesCriminology 11 November 2014 The Criminal Strain In the early 1800’s early European theorists started observing behaviors, interactions, and relationships between people and how they were affected by the industrial revolution. There were many theorists that were influenced by the social dynamics of the revolution including Auguste Comete, Andre Guerry, and Adolphe Quetelet. These theorist proposed important aspects that contributed to social structure theories including economic factors that influencesRead MoreTheoretical Explanations Of Gang Formation Essay2253 Words   |  10 PagesTHEORETICAL EXPLANATIONS OF GANG FORMATION Several criminological theories developed to explain general deviance is now used in gang research because they offer explanations of why people join gangs (Tobin, 2008). This paper draws on those existing sociological research in identifying some theories used in explaining gang formation. The theories discussed are social structure, social conflict, and social process theories. It is also going to cover some branches of those theories; social disorganizationRead MoreFactor Affecting the Presence of Crime in Inner Cities of America788 Words   |  4 PagesThe presence of crime in the inner cities of America is the result of many different factors. Although it is impossible to explain the issue with one single theory, it is possible to recognize the characteristics within society that have traditionally been associated with crime. These include poor neighborhoods, weak family structures and high rates of unemployment. However, they cannot be used to explain overarching mechanism s of extremely high rates of American urban crime today. Social structuresRead MoreThe Theory And General Strain Theory1262 Words   |  6 PagesA theory is described, as an idea or set of ideas generally intended to explain, to prove facts or events. Theory can be an idea that is suggested or presented as possibly true, that is not an ideas that relates to a particular subject (Merriam-Webster, 2015). Theory is an explanation of something. Theories in criminal behavior explains why an individual commits criminal and delinquent acts. This paper will compare and contrast two theories of crime or criminal activities that was discuss in thisRead MoreWhat Did Durkheim Mean When He Called The Collective Conscience?1260 Words   |  6 Pagesfor understanding Crime and deviance. 2) Describe Merton s theory of Strain as an explanation of crime and deviance in society. Strain theory refers to when people turn to crime and deviancy when they feel unable to achieve socially approved goals through legitimate means. (Agnew, 1992). Featherstone and Deflem (2003) outline five routes that individuals could take in order to achieve their goals, according to Merton’s theory. The first is the ‘conformist’ route where individuals adhere toRead MoreCauses of Junvenile Delinquency2264 Words   |  10 PagesCauses of Juvenile Delinquency and Crime Aim This report aims to explore the relationship between juvenile delinquency and poor parenting and their failure to teach norms and values. It will also address other aspects of influence, including; peer pressure, mass media, poverty and the actions of the juvenile justice system. Theory Through this report, the following theory will be tested; â€Å"There is a link between juvenile delinquency, poor parenting and their failure to teach norms and valuesRead MoreSocial Deviance Theory, And Social Control Theory1941 Words   |  8 Pagestheir lives, I do agree with Locke s theory to an extent. In that most people are born with a blank slate, they are neither good nor bad, it is that we encounter in our lives that shape us into the person we become. Therefore, in my opinion the best theories so far that explains juvenile delinquency is a combination of several aspects from cultural deviance theory, strain theory, and social control theory. Cultural Deviance Theory argues that delinquency occurs naturally due to the conditionsRead MoreUnderstanding the Similarities to Strain Theory and General Theory of Crime3105 Words   |  13 PagesUnderstanding the similarities of Strain Theory, amp; General Theory of Crime Angela Sampson # 2396467 Sociology 345: Social Control Professor: James Chriss Cleveland State University April 30th 2012 Abstract: The purpose is to identify the similarities between Strain theories, and General Theory of Crime. Strain was developed from the work of Durkheim and Merton and taken from the theory of anomie. Durkheim focused on the decrease of societal restraint and the strain that resulted at the

Of Mice and Men Essay - 770 Words

Your mom B6 January 13, 2010 Of Mice and Men essay An allegory is a work where characters are symbols of ideas. They may symbolize anything from honesty to sadness. In an allegorical novel these characters and the ideas they represent form together to suggest a moral. The novel, Of Mice and Men is one of these allegorical novels. Its theme or moral is about friendship: the friendship of George and Lennie. The actions of the characters that represent ideas in the story bring about the chance for George to show his caring and love for Lennie in a powerful way making the story allegorical. All of the characters play a part in the novel whatever their size of the role that connects them allowing Of Mice and Men to function as an allegory.†¦show more content†¦George the good natured, but sometimes explosive character represents caring and love. Curley the ill tempered, boxing short guy represents hatred and anger. Lennie the lovable oaf of this classic story represents innocence in a dangerous way because he does not know what i s going on but could hurt anyone he wishes to. Curely’s wife represents desire and loneliness. She desires to have what she could’ve which is fame success and fortune, but because of Curley she is alone and depressed. These main characters are everything to the story, its support and its lifeline. Of Mice and Men is a novel but not an exceedingly long one. Because of the details that it packs into its pages, the characters are not immensely evolved. You know the story is allegorical because its characters are based on ideas. John Steinbeck made his characters simply ideas in human form more or less. Steinbeck had done this to make a short but effective story (effective in the sense of morals and description). The characters all represent basic ideas and they play a part in the moral. Curley’s anger caused him to keep his wife away from the farmhands. She then became lonely and went to talk to Lennie the innocent. Because of his stupidity and her loneliness she was killed and Curley’s anger was directed at Lennie. George’s caring and love for Lennie forced him to kill Lennie himself to save him from Curley’s hatredShow MoreRelatedOf Mice And Men Essay896 Words   |  4 PagesOf Mice and Men Essay In today’s society people tend to be open about differences and respond to them understandingly. In the 2014 Special Olympic USA games Kim Chandler who is a thirty-eight-year-old olympic swimmer with down syndrome and uses her unique athletic skills to teach able children to swim. Kim is a brilliant example of how society has changed positively. What is so inspiring about Kim teaching children to swim is the way people accept her and include her in our own lives. We acceptRead More Of Mice And Men Essay896 Words   |  4 PagesOf Mice And Men The novel ‘Of Mice and Men’ reveal life in the 1930’s. A time very diverse to ours. Steinback, the author of this novel wrote about various issues such as lifestyle of the travelling ranchmen, loneliness, friendship, the American dream, racism and sexism. The book is about two migrant labourers, George Milton and Lennie Small in California. Together they have a dream to save up enough to own a farm where George is his own boss and Lennie can have animal to feed and pet.Read MoreOf Mice and Men Essay926 Words   |  4 PagesCurleys Wife Essay Throughout the story Of Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck, Curleys wife plays an important role to conclude the ending resolution of the novel, even though she is only presented in-person three times. Each time she shows her expressions both physical and mentally. During the course of the story you see Curleys wife is a tramp and she uses her body to get attention from the men on the ranch. At the beginning of the story, George and Lennie meet Curleys wife at the bunk house;Read MoreEssay on Of Mice and Men924 Words   |  4 PagesMykel Pierre Mrs. Crandall American Literature- 2nd 25 March 2013 Of Mice and Men â€Å"Dammit Lennie!† is something I always imagine George saying every two chapters of this story. George and Lennie were both inspired by real people that Steinbeck met when he was a bindlestiff in the 1920’s. The man who inspired Lennie was a mentally unstable who was very nice but also had major anger problems. Steinbeck used a character like this that can be easily controlled so he could use indirect characterizationRead More Of Mice and Men Essay1119 Words   |  5 PagesOf Mice and Men John Steinbeck’s novel ‘Of Mice and Men’ is one of those books which make you believe everything that takes place between the covers. Books like these always remain as classics, because of their very informative and believable stories. John Steinbeck especially excels in this, and therefore is the reason I have chosen this book to describe. ‘Of Mice and Men’, the title of the novel, originates from the poem ‘To a Mouse’, by Robert Burns. It means that no matter what youRead MoreOf Mice and Men Essay1029 Words   |  5 PagesOf mice and Men, Crooks says: â€Å" They come, an’they quit sn’ go on; an every damn one of ‘em’s got a little piece of land in his head. An’ never a god damn one of ‘em ever gets it. Just like heaven. Every’body wants a little piece of lan’. †¦Nobody never gets to heaven, and nobody gets no land. It’s just in their head.† To what extent do you agree with Crooks assessment of â€Å"The American Dream†? To a certain extent I agree with Crooks statement. There are many dreams in this novel. Not only for GeorgeRead MoreOF MICE AND MEN ESSAY Libre2222 Words   |  9 PagesOf Mice And Men Essay Of mice and men essay State of California. essay writers salt lake city research paper writing chattanooga buy college ruled paper. Of mice and men essay Metis-sur-Mer of mice and men essay Columbus, Leicestershire, Palmdale, Bakersfield of mice and men essay san antonio write essay for me, of mice and men essay Alexandria uploading essay to common app, Chester of mice and men essay Norfolk geometry and algebra 1 formula sheet Of mice and men essay State of Rhode Island andRead MoreOf Mice and Men Expository Essay1024 Words   |  5 PagesOf Mice and Men Expository Essay John Steinback’s Of Mice and Men is a book that describes the chase of the American Dream. Although achieving the American Dream is a great desire for all, seldom does it actually come true. George and Lennie, the two main characters in the book, have a goal of pursuing their version of the American Dream, as do many other characters. However, due to relationships and other conflicts, that dream is not achieved. Almost immediately, Steinback poses the questionRead MoreOf Mice and Men Loneliness Essay1123 Words   |  5 PagesOf Mice and Men Essay: ‘Soledad’ means loneliness. Why is this relevant in ‘Of Mice and Men’? The relevance of ‘Of Mice and Men’ being set in the town of Soledad comes from the parallels drawn between the meaning of the name ‘Soledad’ and the deeper sense of loneliness expressed through the characters of the novella. The symbolism of the loneliness that is associated with the town of Soledad establishes an underlying sense of loneliness in all characters. The author uses a variety of techniquesRead More Of mice and men Essay608 Words   |  3 PagesOf Mice and Men nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Of Mice and Men was written during a period of racism. In the 1960s it was important for everyone to get along with eachother because not everyone was equal. George and Lennie showed a great part in friendship throught the whole book. At the ranch in Selinas mostly everyone showed friendship in some way. Friendship was a great factor when the book was published because of all the racism going on at the time. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Friendship

Classical Liberalism Essay Research Paper Classical liberalism free essay sample

Classical Liberalism Essay, Research Paper Classical liberalism was the dominant political orientation of capitalist economy during the periods of 18th century. It position was widely accepted. It said that authorities should merely sit back and ticker concern so they do non rip off the authorities besides to implement contracts. The classical had many credos they were Psychological, economic, and, political. Each position has its ain points. In this paper I will discourse those points and demo you how Bob Dole is a classical progressive. Psychological credo of classical liberalism is based on four premises of human nature. Peoples were believed to be egocentric, in cold blood ciphering, indispensable inert, and atomistic. Hobbes a economic sciences argued that people were motivated by the desire for pleasance and to avoid hurting. Jeremy Bentham believed pleasance differ in strength but there was no qualitative difference. He argued that # 8220 ; quality of pleasance being equal, to a thumbtack is every bit good as poesy, # 8221 ; The theory he is seeking to state about human motive is that the we are lazy and selfish A large portion of classical liberalism is that we are in cold blood ciphering. Bing coldly ciphering agencies that when a state of affairs comes about we dissever what will do us receive less hurting and more pleasance. Although the human motive is by pleasance it is the determination that are cold, selfish, dispassionate, and rational appraisal of the state of affairs to take how to avoid the hurting and have the pleasance. The accent on the importance of rational measuring of pleasance and pains that forms the ciphering rational side of the classical progressive? s of psychological science. Classical liberalism tells us that if the persons saw there was no opportunity of pleasance or feared no hurting, so they would be inert, motionless, or in simpler footings. Just field lazy. Any type of excess work is consider painful hence would non been done unless person were to assure them greater pleasance so the hurting. This thought of the human race being lazy came approximately in the 1700 to 1770 in England where people merely worked because of the fright of hungriness. The Reverend Joseph Townsend put this position really compactly: # 8221 ; Hunger is non merely peace-loving, soundless and unremitted force per unit area, but, as the most natural motivation to industry and labour, it calls forth the most powerful exertions. # 8221 ; Towsend believed that # 8220 ; merely the experience of hungriness would spur them to labour # 8221 ; The last position of classical liberalism is atomistic. The position of atomism is that the person was a more cardinal world than the group or society. The classical progressives rejected the positions of Christian paternalist ethic which was that the society is like a household and the relationships that made up that society was more impo rtant so the person. Classical progressives believed the society was nil but a additive of the persons that constructed it. The classical progressives believed that economic credo was that people would ever exercise themselves to be better and more affluent so the people around them. If both capitalists and labourers were left entirely, self-interest would steer them o use their capital and labour where were are most productive. The hunt for more money would be all society would necessitate to maintain itself together. They believed that the authorities should hold no control to restrict or command in any manner to what is to be produced and how. A better merchandise will ever exceed another so self-interest would endeavor manufacturers to bring forth better quality merchandises for the consumers. The political credo said that the authorities should protect society in three ways. The first manner was from any menaces of from external menaces which lead in the 19th century to a protection of foreign markets through armed coercion. The 2nd manner was to protect citizens against # 8220 ; unfairnesss # 8221 ; committed by other citizens. The protection was merely for private belongings, enforcement of contracts, and saving of internal order. The 3rd was giving the authorities the occupation to protect the beginning of power of the economically and politically dominant category ; the capitalists. When Bob Dole said # 8220 ; its your money, its your money, its your money, and you know how to pass it better than the authorities # 8221 ; he was mentioning to the position of the classical liberalism where we are in cold blood ciphering, narcissistic, inert, and, atomistic. He believes that society would drive themselves. He agrees with the economic credo that the authorities should merely protect us from the # 8220 ; unfairnesss # 8221 ; of society. I agree with what Bob Dole is stating because I believe that people will plunge themselves to acquire more money which in bend will do better quality goods and besides more occupations. Which in bend will do a better society. I besides believe that the authorities should non be able to command concerns merely watch over them. I besides agree that the authorities should merely protect us from # 8220 ; unfairnesss # 8221 ; and to assist keep contracts. Classical liberalism is a position that people know how to run a good society whether they know it or non. It is a natural thrust to make better. Society will larn to utilize each other to make better, to force ourselves farther, and intern aid each other out. We do non necessitate the authorities to command us because that may in clip cause a society to self-destruct because you are non being lead by the positions and thrusts of yourself but the volitions of others. So inconclusion classical liberalism is a position that is really necessary in our society. . 32f

Coral Divers Case Study Essay Example

Coral Divers Case Study Paper After investigating Coral Divers diligently, I am delighted to be hired as a consultant to evaluate Coral Divers strategic situation. Based on my findings, I believe Coral Divers is in a decreasing state of financials and diminishing competitive position. Their net income is negative and increasing in 2005 through 2007. In addition, there is a lack of differentiators at Coral Divers, hindering them from their competition. The issue at hand is whether Coral Divers should take on a potential growth strategy, which consists of adding a family vacation portion to their resort, and an adventure diving aspect. This would enable them to cater to a greater variety of people and allow increased competition. Exhibit 1. 1 Supplier Power * Minimal * Integrating vertically not likely * Service based Degree of Rivalry * High Competitive industry = Low returns because the cost of competition is high * Tough economy = bad * Buyer Power * High * Amenities and service important * Low cost in comparing resorts Threat Of Substitutes * Vacations elsewhere doing other activities is likely Threat Of New Entrants * High * Easy to open resort To analyze the industry I will start with a 5-forces analysis on the Scuba Diving Resort industry, shown in exhibit 1. 1. Based on the Five Forces Analysis, we can determine that the scuba diver resort industry exists in an intensely competitive market. It is a growing market in popularity over the years and is continuing to grow. Most divers range in age from 10 to 39. 80% of divers are educated and have families. Diving Resorts earn revenue from individual divers, family divers, accommodation and amenities, as well as types of vacations and dives offered. We will write a custom essay sample on Coral Divers Case Study specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Coral Divers Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Coral Divers Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In this case, accommodation, amenities, and quality diving excursions is means in combating threat of new entrants, and the degree of rivalry. Keeping a close eye on costs for vacationers in the resort is also essential. Because of the threat of substitutes and new entrants it is essential to keep costs low for potential customers. It is important Coral Divers keeps monitoring prices, such as keeping amenities to a minimum, not under booking dives, and keeping on-time flight operations. Major elements in Coral Divers current competitive strategy include: * Small, non – crowded tourist resort Well regarded * Safe and knowledgeable scuba diving resort * Beachfront location While Coral Divers is still running 90% capacity during the high season, this strategy is not very apparent, as Coral Divers simply operates basic business functions to stay afloat. Strategy Coral Divers could work on include: * Focus on Family Vacations utilizing Rascals in Paradise * Emphasizing in family di ves and resort activities * Adventure Diving * Shark Dives * Reef Dives * Wall Dives * Wreck Dives * Both Adventure and Family Vacations Neither Adventure or Family Vacations, continuing current strategy Also view Coral Divers’ business strategy diamond in exhibit 1. 2. Arenas * Bahamas * Vacations Vehicles * Rascals in Paradise * Adventure Diving Exhibit 1. 2 Economic Logic * Cost control * Growing Margins Staging * Focused on diving resort, moving slowly to family and/or adventure Differentiators * Small * Non-Crowded * Beachfront * Safe Knowledgeable Exhibit 1. 3 We can determine whether Coral Divers current situation is positive or negative by viewing a SWOT Analysis shown in exhibit 1. . Based on the SWOT analysis, Coral Divers has a fairly attractive position, as it has some strength. However, weaknesses and opportunities available provide a great deal of potential for Coral Divers to gain market share. In this case, many of the weaknesses are the opportunities availab le, and with success in opportunities combat threats. Coral Divers performance to date is steady. Based on balance sheets provided, Coral Divers assets are slowly declining, and liabilities are increasing. This is assumingly due to inflation in the market and no increased market share. Coral Divers revenues are also declining since 2005, I believe due to increasingly competitive markets and no strong differentiators. After analyzing the company, it is clear that Coral Divers needs to use opportunities and strengthen their differentiators. However, it is essential to analyze costs involved with new opportunities compared to potential revenues. The alternatives for Coral Divers includes: Alternative| Cost| Revenue Potential| Family Vacations / Rascals in Paradise| * $40,000 in renovations on rooms * Children’s play structure = $15,000 * Babysitter = $7/hr @ 5 hrs/week = ~$2000/yr| * Return client base * 90% annually * Higher prices for families * ~$1600 per family vacation * 90% rooms booked per week @ $3500 per special family week= $18,900/week = $982,800/yr| Adventure Diving| * $10 per dive = shark dive * Employee discouraged * $15,000 Chain mail suit| * Extra $50 per dive per person| Both| * Large upfront cost| * Good long term investment| Neither| * Differentiators in market| * None * Current operations| Exhibit 1. 4 As a consultant to help assess Coral Divers strategy, I recommend that Coral Divers add the family vacation element to their business and utilize Rascals in Paradise. By adding the Rascals Paradise, Coral Divers will be able to service families more efficiently and easily. In addition, Coral Divers should add adventure diving once family vacations is established. This will create more buzz, activity, and reason for families to stay at Coral Divers. I recommend this due to the lack of success Coral Divers has had in the past. Since they have established themselves, people will be able to trust and want to use Coral Divers for family vacations and know there is knowledge for adventure diving. We can create a new market for family vacations and adventure diving by looking at exhibit 1. 4. Creating New Markets Reduce * High costs * Inconveniences Create/Add * Adventure Diving * Family Vacation friendly Raise * Low cost * Good Service * Convenience for customers and families * More activity enjoyment * Eliminate Distasteful service * Average resort The plan of action I would suggest Coral Divers to take is to first implement Rascals in Paradise’s consulting service and bookings program. Coral Divers should take on packaged and prepaid vacations to provide convenience to customers. In addition, with Rascals experience, Coral Divers can utilize the specialty service and return client base. Higher revenues for the resort because of prepayment and packaged vacations are essential to the success. After about a half year to a year of implementing family vacations would suggest Coral Divers to take a look at how family vacationing impacted their revenue. Based on this result, I would suggest starting to implement adventure diving. I would start with one type of adventure per month. Perhaps offer only certain adventures at certain times until each excursion is mastered with no flaws. After each excursion is tested and analyzed, determine which adventures make the most money and offer them more often. Incorporate adventure diving into family packages.

Functional hallux limitus Essays - Podiatry, Foot, Arthropathies

Functional hallux limitus Essays - Podiatry, Foot, Arthropathies Functional hallux limitus Functional hallux limitus is generally defined as a deformity of the first metatarsophalangeal joint that acts to restrict the range of movement of dorsiflexion during the propulsive phase of gait. (Chapman C.,1997) Different authors refine this basic definition further, some adding a further qualification that it is defined by a reduction of the range of dorsiflexion to less than 65 degrees. (Camasta C A.,1996). If the range is reduced to less than 5 degrees then the term Hallux rigidus is generally applied and is a subdivision of the clinical spectrum of functional hallux limitus. For the sake of completeness we should record that the normal range is generally 65-75 degrees of dorsiflexion. We should also define the difference between the structural and functional varieties of this condition. The functional variety of the condition is diagnosed only if the restriction in the range of movement is apparent during weightbearing (and by definition is not present during passive, non-weightbearing movement). The structural variety exhibits a restriction of movement in both eventualities. (Dananberg H J et al 1996), The assessment and diagnosis of functional hallux limitus is made either on clinical examination and history or with the assistance of formal gait assessment. As far as the latter is concerned, it is manifest as a biomechanical disability that has the predisposition to result in a comparatively ineffective propulsive mechanism (of varying degrees of severity) during the toe-off phase of the gait cycle. It can be accompanied by forefoot metatarsalgia together with other abnormalities of gait pattern (Townley and Taranow, 1994) The definition of a successful treatment is :To eliminate pain, restore motion, and maintain the strength and stability of the great toe, but must also reconstitute the normal distribution of weightbearing stresses sustained by the transverse metatarsophalangeal arch of the forefoot. (Townley and Taranow, 1994, p.575). Aetiology of the condition This is, to some extent a matter of controversy, as there are thought to be a number of independent but not mutually exclusive theories on the issue. (Laing P.,1995). Many authorities agree that the basic pathology stems from first ray hypermobility which, in itself is secondary to abnormal pronation. (Jahss M.,1982) In lay terms this means that the ray is moving when it should be stable. The fundamental issue here is one of abnormal pronation. During propulsion the subtalar joint is pronated and the midtarsal joint is mobile when it should be locked. This allows the first metatarsal to be hypermobile.. this results in the first metatarsal dorsiflexing when it should be plantarflexing. The less the ability of the first metatarsal to plantarflex, the less becomes the ability of the first metatarsophalangeal joint to move and the greater becomes the need for compensatory mechanisms to come into play. How the condition affects the gait cycle The restriction of flexion in the movement of the of the first metatarsophalangeal joint manifests itself in a number of ways that can be either directly attributable to the condition or also compensatory mechanisms that allow for normal propulsive gait to be accomplished. At the most basic level, the condition affects the ability of the foot to move fully over the hallux when the forefoot is planted on the ground. The degrees of impairment are variable (right up to hallux rigidus) and tend to progress with both age and length of time that the condition has been present. (Root M L et al 1987), Typical signs associated with functional hallux limitus can be pronation of the feet while standing and walking. They will have varying degrees of reduced propulsivity from their gait. They can have either an abductory twist during the gait cycle or can demonstrate an abnormally abducted angle of gait and associated delay in the heel off segment of the gait cycle. (Light M R.,1996) The early stages of the condition (typically in the younger patient) can go unnoticed and undiagnosed but as the condition becomes more advanced and obvious, compensatory changes in the gait cycle can become more apparent and pronounced. Progressive hypopropulsion, varying degrees of pelvic tilt and rounded shoulders are the more progressive accompaniments of the severe condition as the body attempts to compensate for the mechanical disadvantage of the condition. (Dananberg. HJ 1993) The use of orthoses for functional hallux limitus Because we have presented evidence

Agricultre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Agricultre - Essay Example Several benefits accrue to the agricultural revolution over the traditional hunting and gathering. The most important aspect of agriculture is that it significantly improved the diet of man from a homogeneous protein flesh of animals to multiple plant nutrients like in cereals, carbohydrates, fats and oil. Modern civilization is a product of agriculture in which the socio-political structure of the society began to take hierarchy and administrative government was formed. This has metamorphosed to contemporary governments and democratic politics. Besides, several inventions of man can be attributed to agrarian revolution in Europe and parts of Asia like Mesopotamia. Unlike hunting and foraging, technical skills were critical for agricultural sustainability hence development of several scientific production technique that defines contemporary management principles. Agriculture takes central position in the society as far as survival of people is concerned as compared to the traditional ly limited hunting and foraging sources. Despite much praises on agriculture, it has significantly cost the society the beauty of nature and distorted ecosystem. Human being has significantly encroached into the historically beautiful and self-sustaining ecosystem to expand agricultural production with massive destruction of nature. Civilization as a consequence of Agriculture is haunting the society through increased occupation of any available space in urban and rural areas resulting to other economic activities that promotes pollutions.